Catalonia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Catalonia - Term Paper Example The atmosphere of Catalonia differs relying upon the area, for example, the territories along the coast, the inland, up in the mountains, or inside the valleys. In the territories on the edge of the coast and part of inland Barcelona, the atmosphere is subtropic with blistering and dry summers of around 80 degrees Fahrenheit, and cold winters, however it gets colder the closer to the shore the region is. The remainder of inland Catalonia is more sweltering in the mid year than in different areas, arriving at temperatures as high as 104 degrees Fahrenheit, and cooler during the evenings. In these locales, Catalonia gets most of its precipitation during spring and pre-winter. The valleys, be that as it may, with their maritime atmosphere, have their wettest season in summer, and regularly encounters freezing precipitation and below zero temperatures throughout the winter months. Consistently, snow is a typical event in the Pyrenees mountains. Catalonia’s widely varied vegetation is viewed as among the most inconceivable all through Spain. Catalonia, Barcelona explicitly, contains sixty remarkable parks, with a consolidated aggregate of 140 unique trees, including figs, cypresses, and cedars, which are regular to the Mediterranean. In spite of the miracles found in the parks of Barcelona, the mountains of Catalonia is the place the grand excellence of nature really prospers. â€Å"With beechwood and evergreen oak backwoods, phenomenal stone arrangements, chilly lakes and a large number of plant species, the Catalan Pyrenees are one of Europe’s most prominent common miracles (Shubert, 1992).† In the spring, the glades of the Pyrenees are secured with pheasant’s eye narcissi, fritillaries, jasmine, trumpet gentians, and Pyrenean hyacinths. The pre-winter season is graced with red and gold Montpellier maples and wool oaks, and the glades are then spotted with crocuses and purple merendera. Come winter, the Pyrenees is enriched with irises and orchids. Vall d’Aran shows these botanical pleasures all year, and Augues Tortes is home to the pool of Sant Maurici and woodlands fit to overflow with Scots pine and silver hide. Catalonia is considered to have â€Å"a more noteworthy assorted variety of natural life than some other locale of Spain (Williams, 1994).† In the Pyrenees, one can discover the marmot, which is an enormous rat, the goat-like isard, or wild hog as they track down truffles. Other present animals incorporate badgers, otters, and ibex. While they are hard to track down, many having recently been reintroduced into the wild, Catalonia is likewise home to the Iberian lynx and different bears and wolves. In the mountains, the streams and glades are overflowing with the Pyrenean creek lizard, the painted frog, asps, and an extraordinary assortment of dragonflies and butterflies, just as the goliath peacock moth, which is Europe’s biggest creepy crawly. Situated nearby the Mediterranean Sea , Catalonia has an assortment of streams and lakes that are taken care of from the ocean. The fundamental waterways that interface with the Mediterranean Sea are the Ebre, Llobregat, and the Ter. There are two essential bowls in Catalonia, Ebro and the principle â€Å"one that includes the inward bowls of Catalonia (White and Aviva, 2010)†, all of which stream into the Mediterranean. There is likewise the Garona stream bowl that meets with the Atlantic Ocean, however it takes up a unimportant part of land. In spite of the fact that there are little lakes spotted all through Catalonia, most of them can be found in the Pyrenees, with the biggest being Banyoles, a remainder of the ice age. Catalonia’s History Before Catalonia turned into the Catalonia we know today, it

Studying the role of leadership management

Considering the job of initiative administration As indicated by Bennis and Nanus (1985, p. 20), administration is alluded as the most considered and least comprehended subject of any in the sociologies. There are in excess of 100 meanings of initiative having been recognized in writing (Rost, 1991), and Stogdill (1974) even recommends that the meanings of authority are the same number of as individuals who have ever attempted to characterize it. Notwithstanding, there is neither any consistently acknowledged meaning of initiative, nor any accord on the most ideal approach to prepare pioneers (Bolden, 2004). Gallie (1955, refered to in Grint, 2004, p. 1) characterizes authority as, Leadership has all the earmarks of being, similar to control, a basically challenged idea', though Bennis and Nanus (1985, p. 20) portrays administration as the evil snowman, whose impressions are all over the place yet who is no place to be seen. To sum up, the significance of authority is mind boggling and incorporates numerous measurements and it tend s to numerous other key business/corporate, authoritative, socio-social and individual procedures. In present day days, it is for the most part advanced among pundits that allure, motivation, trust and accord have been progressively connected with initiative, however the creator will in general exhort they are essential conditions for effective administration by and large, and there are conditions, where different determinants are required. Different Schools of Thoughts about Modern-day Leadership In 21st century the ideas of initiative and its definition are getting increasingly differentiated by different schools of musings. Dwindles (1993, p.19), clarifies the current administration as, Crucial to the unrest now under way so significant that we accept the words overseeing and the board ought to be disposed of. Drucker (1992, p.119), having a comparative point as Peters, distinguishes cutting edge authority as, Mundane, unromantic and exhausting. Its quintessence is execution, however Bolden (2004) isn't in the kindness of separating the subtleties of the initiative from the administration. Also, as noted in the Jack Welchs model, General Electric Company advances numerous folds in not many years and the premise of this achievement is a real to life, clear and set rule for a straight and productive association (Slater, 2003). To wrap things up, Peter Scholtes (1998) authority focuses on frameworks thinking, and his feelings incorporate driving by goals, merit pay, execution evaluations, inspiration, and so on. As per Collinson (2005), followership is the quintessence of administration, which implies that advanced authority styles ought to be as per the character and attributes of the adherents. The creator comprehends from these various perspectives that in the 21st century initiative styles, there is nobody repetitive driving style in the associations. Magnetism in Modern-day Leadership Magnetism is a preferred position that advances current initiative exhibitions, yet it isn't basic (Carpenter, 2002). Max Weber (1947) initially characterizes that allure contrasting pioneers from normal individuals alludes to uncommon skilled attractive appeal and advance; it enables pioneers to do phenomenal things, and specifically it gives the pioneer extraordinary forces of impact to supporters. Researchers further propose that charming pioneers regularly fill in as a solid good example for values that they want others to receive, show skill in each part of initiative so others trust their choices, articulate clear objectives and solid qualities, impart exclusive requirements for devotees and show trust in their capacities to meet those desires (Conger, 1989; House, 1977; Shamir et al., 1993). Charming pioneers are having profound effect on adherents worth, disposition and conduct, and it is proposed magnetism is a significant authority trait that rouses devotees (Ilies et al., 2006). Pioneers with charming characters can complete things through drawing in the subordinates to accomplish the hierarchical objectives all the more viably, as individuals feel urged to be progressively committed to their work, because of their profound respect and regard to their pioneers (Mortensen, 2008). Bill Clinton and Steve Jobs are both run of the mill alluring pioneers. With overpowering individual appeal and vision, they effectively make their time. In any case, Ciulla (2004) proposes that premise of the administration is morals like earned trust not the appeal. Tyler (2008) likewise instructs individuals are lead in light of the fact that with respect to their trust to the pioneers, not moxy. Besides, it is commonly concurred that administration is capacity and an ability which could be learnt after some time and with the experience and development (Mumford et al., 2000); pioneers are made not conceived, and allure could be created (Adair, 2005). However, Howell and Sh amir (2005) likewise make sense of that qualities of supporters once in a while decide the effectiveness of alluring initiative. There is no precluding from securing the significance of moxy for the pioneers in the present-day initiative styles. Appeal is the capacity to extend the vision and contemplations with respect to what the future possibilities will hold upon others to bring a positive change or change. In the light of this conversation, creator comprehends that allure is progressively connected with current initiative, and with the worry of different variables like the component of trust and devotee, administration in the cutting edge associations turns out to be increasingly successful. The Inspirational Approach in Modern-day Leadership Moving pioneers could decidedly persuade and impact individuals to get the best out of themselves, and likewise seek after a far superior exhibition of the association (Wilson, 2010). Wilson and Rice (2004) likewise express that uplifting chiefs can empower, develop, and develop certainty of devotees, through which present day associations could profit better, in any event, confronting difficulty. Robbins et al. (2010) propose that charming authority is the most well-known style of moving way to deal with initiative. The most striking component of the alluring authority is the capacity to motivate amazing execution from the devotees and the group. It is additionally uncovered that motivation is a strategy to impact others and is related with the examination directed by Yukl and Falbe (1990). The idea is that the pioneer makes a solicitation or recommendation that stirs excitement by speaking to people groups esteems, beliefs and goals or by expanding their certainty that they can do it. Be that as it may, pioneers are beginning to rouse and persuade supporters to perform, when trust is developed (Zeffane, 2010). Researchers guarantees that there are factors animating motivation, similar to a dream, which mentions to devotees what they are relied upon to accomplish and which they could generally hang on (Scott, 2010). Different elements incorporate inclusion of everybody (Bilchik, 2001; Wilson, 2010), and the mental fortitude to concede individual shortcoming (Goffee and Jones, 2000, etc. Yukl and Falbe (1990) likewise presume that pioneers are well on the way to utilize persuasive intrigue and weight when attempting to impact subordinates, as opposed to their chief, or associates. To put it plainly, individuals are enlivened to energetically proceed as well as possible, and eventually prevail with regards to accomplishing better hierarchical execution. Agreement and Modern-day Leadership With increasingly more accentuation on majority rule government, cutting edge administration is as a rule progressively connected with the accord component in the dynamic in the business associations. Early examinations and research of Lewin et al. (1939) shows that individuals are performing better, on the off chance that they have been associated with the dynamic procedure. They additionally propose initiative style to a huge degree decide the presentation of the gathering and they have arranged administration into three styles: tyrant, vote based and free enterprise authority, among which majority rule administration is by and large viewed as the more successful style. Accord assumes a significant job in vote based administration, as individuals are urged to take an interest in the dynamic procedure and engaged with a ultimate choice and the understanding (Knight et al., 1999). Consequently, with the help to the choice, individuals are better propelled and prone to perform better that they have been required to (Brilhart and Galanes, 1989). Additionally, accord in initiative invigorates group cohesiveness, with which individuals coordinate more with one another (Sanders and Schyns, 2006). It is likewise expressed viable key pioneers comprehend the need to include colleagues in accord dynamic (Brilhart and Galanes, 1989). In addition, Felfe and Heinitz (2010) infer that accord not just to a great extent predicts individuals duties and their fulfillment, yet additionally upgrade hierarchical execution and administration. However, Frisch (2008) contends a group cannot settle on successful choices if its individuals dont trust each other or in the event that they neglect to hear one out another. In this manner, before receiving accord dynamic procedure, it is significant that trust has been developed among individuals. It ought not be ignored the dynamic capacity of individuals in agreement process, just as the way that there are times tyrant pioneers work all t he more viably, particularly confronting dangers and openings, as at any rate dictator administration is far less tedious (Lewin et al., 1939), and not every person can tell and take advantage of lucky breaks. Steve Jobs somewhat is a dictator chief, as regardless of what other state and do, he demands that Apple ought to do its product and equipment without anyone else even in such an open world day, as they probably am aware themselves best. Apparently Steve Jobs and his way is the way to the achievement of Apple. It would in any case show up agreement in advanced administration assists with continuing choices, and to succeed a vital pioneer needs to assemble the accord. Trust Element in Modern-day Leadership As recently talked about, trust is appeared as the premise of regardless of appealling, agreement or uplifting pioneer

6 Great Ways to Start Your Day

6 Great Ways to Start Your Day October 22, 2019 Hoby Finn / Getty images More in Stress Management Management Techniques Physical Techniques Relaxation Time Management Effects on Health Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress The way you spend your morning can add a certain flavor to the rest of your day. When things start out feeling stressful, you can experience a downward spiral of negative events and stressful responses. (If this has already happened to you today, learn how to  turn around a bad day.) Conversely, if you start off your day from a place of feeling centered, you will be better able to handle what comes and enjoy the rest of your day to a fuller extent. Here are some healthy lifestyle habits to incorporate into your morning routine that can leave you better able to handle the stress you experience. Try one or several, and experiment until you find what suits you. Put On Some Music Music therapy has been shown to reduce stress and has a positive effect on health. You dont need a therapist to enjoy some of the benefits music has to offer. Listening to music as you get ready and start your day will create positive energy and a soothing sense of peace (or a sense of fun, if you play party music). Music can compliment other healthy lifestyle habits, adding a sense of peace to a yoga workout, putting a spring in your step on a morning walk or stimulating your mind as you write in your journal. The Psychological Effects of Music Relax in the Shower   Many of us shower in the morning  though we often rush through it because we need to get on with our day. Why not take a few extra minutes and get into the right frame of mind? As you let the warm water loosen your muscles, think about the possibilities that lie ahead, think about what you have to be grateful for in life and remember this serene feeling. When you encounter challenges through the day, just think back to this relaxed feeling. You may be able to approach your stressors from a more centered place. Drink Green Tea   Sipping a warm cup of tea is a soothing activity that will help you prepare for the day ahead and feel nurtured. Green tea is loaded with antioxidants, so it’s a delicious and healthy lifestyle choice. Green Tea Health Benefits Eat a Balanced Breakfast If you usually start the day with a bagel and coffee, know that breakfast is known as the most important meal of the day for a very good reason. A  healthy meal in the morning can balance your blood sugar levels and give you the sustenance you need to handle physical and mental stress. Without breakfast, you will be less resilient, both physically and mentally. Be sure to have plenty of protein and fruit, not just caffeine and empty calories! Write in Your Journal Journaling has many health and stress management benefits  and can also lead to increased self-awareness. Writing once a day  can help you feel focused, process  negative emotions  and solve problems. Take a few minutes to reflect on what you enjoyed about the day before, focus on what you hope to achieve in the day ahead, or just write about what you are grateful for right now.   How to Start Journaling Take a Morning Walk Walking has so many health benefits, the stress management benefits are practically just gravy! A morning walk can get you ready for your day, help you sleep better at night, lower your stress level  and reduce your risk of numerous health conditions. If you bring a dog with you, you’ll be lavished with attention as well! Do a Little Yoga You were promised six strategies, but Im giving you a bonus because its such an effective stress reliever. For a healthy body and peaceful mind, few activities give as much bang for your buck as yoga.  Combining all the goodness of several stress management techniques (diaphragmatic breathing, meditation, stretching and more) yoga provides some of the best stress management and health benefits you can find in a single technique.   A good way to start your morning is by doing a series of yoga poses called Sun Salutations. Sun Salutations Step-by-Step

The Ideal Approach Of Financial Reports - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3790 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The report emphasizes on the ideal approach of projecting the perception points at the organizational analysis and design theories and concepts on the role of rational approach in the contemporary organizational structure and the various ways of implementation of relevant theories and concepts in a newly started large scale IT organization falling within the high tech business sector. Related theories and organizational concepts provide the needed legitimate support to various organizational features like four frame theory, organizational rationality, business ethics, organizational strategy and sustainability. The Four Frames: Employees would always prefer to work in a prosperous and nurturing organization than an organization that witnesses pitfalls and downslides. Forming a prosperous and thriving organization is an arduous task and a vast literature on management emphasizes on building thriving organizations. Four Frames of the organization is one such important literature that is widely accepted and used. Modern era organizations are complicated beasts (Gallos, 2008) and the volatile nature of the dynamic, tech-savvy, racing global environment appends to their complication. The four frame theory that is drawn from both practice and research is highly essential in diagnosing the organizational needs, identifying these complications and devising an optimum solution for the same. This approach is not really bound to the major changes in the organization but also while finding a solution for minor problems internal to the organization. The structural frame focuses on the rules, goals and technolog y of a particular organization. It provokes a need to design a process and implement the same respective to the current problem and the surrounding circumstances. Henceforth, the frame concentrates on the goal directions, structural clarity, and task accomplishment in an organization.(Harris Nelson, 2008). The key principles that support this frame are: High clarity in the organizational goals Efficient management of the external environment Based on the task and the environment, a clear structure should be framed Lines of authority devised with proper magnification and clarity Subject expertise and segregation of workforce leads to enhanced individual specialization and performance. Clearer focus on facts, logic and processes instead on emotions and personality. The above mentioned principles derive an inference that the various problems in the organization reflect structural problems and the optimum solution for the same is redesigning and restructuring. W hereas structural frame is concerned with the way structure develops response to an organizations task; the human resources perspective adds the interplay between organization and people (Harris Nelson, 2008) . Inferring from this view, the building blocks of an organization are the people, the most important resource. The skills, thoughts, innovative ideas and their commitment towards the organization are directly proportional to the growth of the organization. Poor fit between the individual and the system paves way to exploitation of individuals and the organization in a bidirectional manner. Good fit ensures clear and meaningful work that provides the energy and talent needed for the success of the organization. The major task of human resources is the alignment of individual and organizational needs in the same direction. From the perspective of structural frame, organizations are structured to be a rational system and the controversial question is how can a effective sy stem be designed; The human resource frame views organizational rationally but attempts to identify the mismatches between organizational needs and people. On the whole, all of these frames are different, but they do have common characteristics. They assume a world that is relatively certain goals provide direction, effectiveness can be seen, needs can be identified, power can be understood, developed and used. So the world is substantially rational. (Harris Nelson, 2008) Warren Bennis, in one of his books, On Becoming a Leader, stresses on a fact When you understand, you know what to do (2003), which actually means that the best understanding of scenario resides at the core of eminent leadership and remains as an important tool in building organizations. The managers/leaders make effective use of the four frames to analyze and evaluate the logistics of the organization with various perspectives and counter the potential problems through proper identification, interpretat ion and solving methodologies. These frames act as magnifying lenses that puts organizational life into a sharp focus with much clarity and paves the way for the manager to perceive the workplace from versatile views to judge things and get them done. According to Bolman and Deal (2007), the major traditions in organizational theory are synthesized and integrated into four significant areas: Structural, Symbolic, Political and Human resource. The authors call these four areas as frames, each one of them, having a distinct view of the organizational background, emerging from different academic streams. All of these four frames have their own focus points, submerged assumptions, implementation plan and direction to the effectiveness of the organization. One among these 4 frames, the structural frame, perceives organization as a mechanical devices or factories and stresses on goals, roles with specialization and formal relationships. It not only takes different perceptions but al so drives on creating policies, rules, hierarchies and procedures to integrate the different activities of the organization aligned with its goal. Quite different from the structural frame, the human resource frame views the organization as a single family where individuals possessing feelings, thoughts, skill, constraints and needs residing under the family umbrella. Organizations should strive towards the mutual growth of the individuals aligned to its vision. The political frame views organization as a arena (or jungle) with supremacy, conflict, competition, power and organizational policies at its core where the beliefs, behaviors, skills, interests and diversity of values and implications within the workforce are inevitable organizational myths. They are often toxic, but can also be a source of creativity and innovation when recognized and effectively managed (Thomas, 2006). The symbolic frame beholds the life in an organization as a carnival or a theatre where differe nt individuals join together to frame culture, context and meaning as they perform their respective roles and bring self-expression and artistry into action. Organizations that attend to the symbolic issues surrounding their own theater of work infuse everyday efforts with creativity, energy, and soul (Gallos, 2008). Every frame among these four, beholds a significant portion of the organizational life, but none of them are stand alone. Provided this theory, the goal of the essay is to criticize these frames and the dependency on any single view can mislead to wrong whole-part perceptions, or to misidentifying the core cause of challenges or events. The essay will intensively explore the theoretical niceties of the frames; their pitfalls and the mutual dependence of the frames and the significance of the multi-frame perception of the organization. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Ideal Approach Of Financial Reports" essay for you Create order Organizational rationality Rationality is a key aspect of an organization. Organizations are assumed to be intentional, in the sense that they work towards specific goals or purposes(Brunsson, 2009). In most of the organizations, there exists an assumption that under the umbrella of the norms of rationality, the decisions govern the actions. Rational choice and foolishness exist in all the organizations. Theorizing about rational choice while ignoring the foolishness is easier and vice versa and the challenge that stands in front of them is to reconcile. The rational behavior of the individuals causes a considerable impact on the economics of the organization, aggregating the utility-maximizing nature of the individuals such that organizational efficiency is promoted by seeking these utilities. The discussions of decision making and policy change can be projected within the arguable dimension of rationality and incrementalism. It is never easy to segregate issues of rationality from the non rational issues. The fundamental premise underlying organizational studies in political science is that the behaviour of organizations mimics the bounded rationality of the actors that inhabit them (Jones, 1999). Questionable facts arise when the meaning of rationality and comprehensive rationality is analysed. It is referred to a  prescription or description  of decision making pattern in which: The policy ends or aims are identified and assessed in terms of the policy makers values Every way to achieve these ends is properly identified Out from the identified ways, the best out of the lot is selected Comprehensive is the analysis of decision-making context (Jordan and Richardson, 1987). John (1999) says that the rational actor model envisages the policies to be logical, justified and unbiased through which organizations can assess issues, devise solutions and implement them into action.  Unless organizations are faced with choices, they cannot make decisions.  Ranking and prioritizing the decisions helps them to find the best solution.   When organizations make their choices, the preference rankings between the choices are consistent, when organizations have to pick their optimum option.   Within the policy process, each and every participant, subjecting to the constraint of resources, gets what is needed. This process holds a very close relevance with Lindbloms  incrementalism and Simons bounded rationality.   As per the views of John (1999), aggrandizing the differences between rationality and incrementalism is absolutely counterproductive, but the key difference may be the approach of Simon presented as a recognizable attempt to get as close to the rational ideal as possible.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€š Bounded rationality Based upon the limitations to a comprehensive analysis, Simon came up with his approach where in terms of the policy maker, the limitations are due to: Simons approach is based on limitations to comprehensive analysis.   In terms of the policy maker it is limited by: Inadequate information and knowledge of the current situation and the relevant consequences connected to the policy solutions. Analytical inability of the people involved in decision making to look into all the possible solutions in terms of intelligence, time, predisposition and values. The dissimilarity between individual rationality and organisational rationality. The complexity of separating values and facts (Lindblom, 1979) A deeper insight into the way the policies are carried out in an organization will complicate these problems to a higher level. Simons approach is not to deny any of these limitations but to accept them as a description, and at the same time try improving all the abilit ies as a prescription instead of maximising. Jones (1999) identifies the limitations to objective rationality are as follows: Incomplete search for knowledge. Deficit of inclination or capacity of organization to seek every available solution. Solutions do never exist anywhere, it has to be developed. Even before the problems arise, the solutions for the same exist. In accordance to the above mentioned factors, the agenda-setting literature is interlinked with the boundaries of decision making rationality, where framing or problem definition and the prioritization of the significance of policy problems plunge into the competitive arena of the policy actors. Incrementalism According to Lindblom, there exists a similar rationality critique. The failures are based upon constraints in: Analytical skills and problem-solving ability Data that are available about future conditions and future consequences Research cost The capability to segregate values and facts The possible ways in which issues rise up and the policy process dynamics. Structure There are various key perspectives from the structural background of the organizational framework. Bureaucratic model has undergone a considerable amount of study and research on its extension. Weber and Taylor took contrary stands in depicting the key principles, with monocratic bureaucracy and specialization and control standing on either side. As like the head and tail of a coin, differentiation and integration reflect either sides of the structural frame and causing the prevalence of rationality. Differentiation triggers the allotment of responsibilities and tasks to units and individuals. Integration is the factor that maps the roles responsible for the mutual dependency. The mutual dependencies and the roles impacted by them are aligned and coordinated vertically by the authorities and laterally by conferences, teams and meetings. The success of an organization underlies within the coordination of individual distinct values, where they get deployed efficiently across th e vertical streams (designations) or the lateral streams (conferences, business units) (Bolman Deal, 2007). Vertical coordination Authorities play an important role in organizational environments to regulate and coordinate the performance of individuals and divisions. In an organization with a standard set of hierarchies, the roles and responsibilities are defined with high clarity throughout all the levels of the hierarchy and the level of authority increases as the individual moves up the hierarchy. Quality management is an inevitable tool that is being used in organizations and sets certain benchmarks against which the result of any task is contrasted to. Rules and regulations support the forecasting methods applied on the operations of the organization. Some of the widely used quality management tools are Six Sigma and TQM (Total Quality Management) (Bolmer Deal, 2007). In this organization, the vertical hierarchy will suit the best as to obtain the necessary amount of clarity in defining the roles, responsibilities and goals. The vertical hierarchy in addition to coordinating the individuals effic iently, it also motivates them to move up the hierarchy ladder seeking the power of authority. Lateral coordination Lateral coordination is the best fit when it comes to handling the lower level of management. The high amount of flexibility that this coordination offers makes it a bit informal compared to the vertical coordination. This IT firm relies heavily upon the coordination of the individuals to create products and services with innovation. As the organization grows, the complication of the organization structure increases and the wide spread geographical work force locations rise up as a potential hurdle to be watched closely. The Project leader holds the onus to regulate the workforce of the project and coordinate the team members by ensuring their respective tasks like developing, testing and maintenance are performed to the optimum level. Lateral coordination is the most sought in this kind of a situation. (Bolmer Deal, 2007) Centralization Centralization and decentralization are distinguished based upon three major factors: Geography Function Delegation of Decision making Geographical centralization is the one that exists in an organization which holds a single operating location and decentralization of the same type exists when organization operates from various locations. Functional centralization focuses on the similar functionalities of work performed by a team and the functional decentralization is about each and every team has its own set of functions to be performed. Delegation of decision making becomes centralized when the decision making authority is placed at a single point at the core of the organization and becomes decentralized when every department or function has its won decision making authority. Decentralized structure encourages dispersed decision making at the lower levels of management (Fred, 1977). This organization contains all the types of decentralization as it compris es of various kind of task forces and teams like virtual teams and cross-functional teams. Since the organization possesses a blend of decentralization, centralization and lateral coordination at the appropriate levels, it stands across the efficient vertical of the industry. Mintzberg suggests that the optimum way to convert groups into business units as a part of integration comprises of various options: Business units Product units Service units Virtual groups Implementation groups Organizational strategy Organizational strategy is the way in which an organization does need to change over time in order to deliver the enterprise strategy and an implementable plan to make the required transformation. Keen thinking and analysis is required to contrast the current state to the desired state and identify the gap along with executing capabilities to perform the requisite changes. The key considerations of organizational strategy are as follows: Extended structure of enterprise (Essential re-configurations, strategic relationships and reach extensions required in delivering the espoused strategy) Required new skills and capabilities (workforce composition, development needs and talent acquisition, operational and process capability improvements) Talent management processes and practices entailed to develop a high progress workforce Operating culture of business Mapping of value proposition to operating style Projected performance results Tools and processes necessary to achieve the goal The resolute integration of the entire operating activities to provide the alignment of total enterprise to the cause In this organization, a common mission and a set of values are shared by the employees. Mission: Provide telecom billing software and services that add value to the relationships between our clients and their customers. Values Unparalleled Client Satisfaction Value clients, understand their business, and pledge the fullest commitment to contribute to their success and satisfaction. Teamwork Value team accomplishments and seek opportunities to join with the colleagues to advance the success of the clients. Respect for the Individual Value fellow employees and commit to an environment where respect for each other is essential, recognize excellence, and challenge each individual to grow personally and professionally. Developing People Value the ongoing development and improvement of our greatest resource our people. Diversity We value the unique combination of qualities and contributions that each individual brings to the workplace. Shareowners Trust We value the trust of our owners and work diligently to enhance their investment. Corporate Citizenship Value the communities in which our employees and their families live and commit to be a good corporate citizen. Integrity We value, above all, our integrity in everything we do. Corporate Social Responsibility CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) does involve a business identifying its specific stakeholders and assimilating their values and needs enclosed within the day-to-day and strategic decision-making processes. CSR as an organizational strategy is highly important for organizations in todays dynamic world due to three major trends: Changing social expectations The society and consumers expect a lot more from the organizations whose products and services they buy. In the light of the corporate scandals during recent times, this sense has increased considerably that reduced the level of trust on organizations and public confidence in the ability of organizations and regulatory bodies to control the corporate excess. Increasing affluence In developed nations and developing nations, increasing affluence has become an undeniable truth. Affluent consumers get the freedom to choose the products and services that they want to buy. The society in requirement of work and inward investment is unlikely to impose strict regulations and also penalize organizations that are probable to take away their business and money. Globalization The influence of media with its magnified glasses on all the time brings every mistake by companies into the limelight immediately and caters it to the attention of the public. Appending to this, the internet media acts as a catalyst to the communication within social groups and consumers by empowering them to spread the message across and giving them the way to coordinate a collective action like a product boycott. This organization maintains a legitimate and robust Corporate Responsibility Program. Our CSR practices are densely integrated with our business and culture. They majorly fall into six key categories: Shareholders Business and trusted relationships are formed on the base of dedication and uncompromised integrity to the highest standards of ethics. Clients The enrichment of relationship between our employees and customers is a promise to be kept by us for our clients. People Our company being a global firm, the relationships with employees are framed on a sincere respect and trust for the individual. Communities Our organization supports localized giving and specific programs in the different countries in which we do operate. Environment Working environments are structured to optimize our organizations efficiency and performance while lowering the consumption of energy, pollution and waste. Business Partners Across the entire supply chain, we project high clarity expectations with our business partners. Business Ethics https://www.uwf.edu/bpeach/motorola/caseb.pdf Business ethics is the combination of ethical behaviour and morality that is used by a firm to establish a standard design of behavioural norms for all of the related activities. Business ethics puts the key focus on the moral adequacies of various corporate activities (Goodpaster, 1997). Global businesses always face different cultural moralities because the right may be wrong when it switches from one culture to another. The scholars of business ethics have come up with a number of models purely based upon social contract, concepts of rights and utilitarianism (Thomas, 1989). In ethical decision making, the judgement starts with gathering the relevant facts, evaluating the motives and intent, and determining the exact criteria (RS Moorthy, et al., 1998). Business ethics branch out into two streams as normative a nd descriptive. As per the thoughts of Donaldson Preston (1995), normative ethics is the tangible collection of the moral issues faced and the moral reasons that we have, and the manner in which these reasons interconnect with the non-moral reasons to help better decision making and the judgments of acts. Descriptive ethics is composed of anthropological  ¸ sociological and psychological investigation into the moral values reflected in what people are expected to do and in reality what do they actually do (Gary, 2006). This organization functions aligned with a code of ethics to which employees are bound to comply. The organization commits itself to act lawfully and ethically at all times to maintain its high standard of business integrity. The code of ethics of our firm is as follows: Workforce diversity Reciprocity Well-being and safety Politics Diverse business relationships Data privacy Quality Environmental affairs Global employment standar ds Organizational sustainability Organizational sustainability is the ability to sustain the operations and existence of the organization. As per the thoughts of Marek, L.I et. al., there are various sustainability factors for an organization. Perceived value Values witnessed by individuals and groups impacted by improved outcomes and new ways of working. Monitoring/Feedback Feedback is shared in an easily understandable version and monitoring is performed on a periodical basis. Leadership The degree of active engagement that the leaders possess. Staff Staff have the confidence, skills and interest in sticking on to the new ways of working. Organizational infrastructure It is the degree to which the job descriptions, internal resources, business models and systems support the new ways of working. Shared models The continued application of shared models among the people involved in the new processes and ways of working. Organizational fit It is the degree of alignment of the new ways of working with the organizational overall goal. Community fit It is the level up to which the new working ways match with the needs and interests of the community, and the urge to get involved in activities. Partners It is essential that the partners who support the new ways of working must be involved. Government policy the extent to which the government supports the new ways of working Funding It is the funding process that continues even beyond the grant period. Spread The level of expansion to additional locations and populations. Conclusion This report has managed to touch up on every essential feature of organizational analysis and design, supported with strong literatures and theories correlated with the given kind of organization. On the whole, the sequential flow of the report provides a firm answer to the posed question by the management theory and modern organization as how best to design a structure specifically suited to the circumstances with which an organization has to deal.

My Philosophy My Teaching Philosophy - 893 Words

My Teaching Philosophy Since Koreans started to learn English, thousands of people have struggled to master the language. Parents currently invest a lot of money and their children spend enormous amounts of time studying English as government suggests new language policies. However, proper verification and investigation of those policies have not been done yet and the outlet is really not promising (Suh, 2007). Most Korean students study English for tests. The purpose of English is so focused on tests that the situation makes the language classroom very uncomfortable and tense. This situation may also be caused by public schools? preferred method of teaching the grammar-translation method (GTM). Students are given lists of vocabulary terns and are also encouraged to learn grammatical rules, as teachers provide translation activities for their classes instead of practical oral proficiency practice (Richards and Rodgers, 2001). With the pressure of tests and teacher-centered lectures, many students lose inte rest in learning the English language or become stressed out about it. Most of all, some teachers and educators forgot to figure out why students learn the language. I want to use a more inspirational approach to teaching because motivations will affect such things as anxiety, or attitude or willingness to try new learning strategies (Hedge, 2000). Being a professional teacher includes providing good direction and advice to students on how to learn a language. GoodShow MoreRelatedMy Philosophy Of Teaching Philosophy911 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching Philosophy When I think about my teaching philosophy, I think of a quote by Nikos Kazantzakis, Greek writer and philosopher. Kazantzakis states, â€Å"True teachers are those who use themselves as bridges over which they invite their students to cross; then, having facilitated their crossing, joyfully collapse, encouraging them to create their own.† In my classroom, I will provide an environment that shows I am a â€Å"true teacher.† Philosophy of Discipline I believe that children learn best andRead MoreTeaching Philosophy : My Philosophy1100 Words   |  5 PagesTeaching Philosophy: Lauren Gross EDUC 120 Learn to Teach, Learn to Learn. / Use the past to teach the future ( That is my philosophy) Theory helps teachers think about what we experience and furthermore to teach and learn about how we, as educators, learn. Teachers should be supportive and cooperative, teachers should play the role of a friend, but also stealthily act in the role of advisor or guide for students. 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Schools were founded on the primary principle of teaching values to students as well as educating them academically. While values have been removed from the curriculum, I still believe much of what we do as teachers is instilling values in our students. As educators,Read MoreMy Educational Philosophy : My Philosophy Of Teaching Philosophy952 Words   |  4 PagesMy Teaching Philosophy Wk. 13 By, Julie Bernard EDPC603 My objective as a teacher is to make a difference in the lives of the student I teach. Similarly, through teaching I will provide students with the necessary tools to become critical thinkers. As critical thinkers, my students will be able to make reasoned judgements that are logical and well thought out. My students will not just passively accept arguments and conclusions; my students will be equipped to questionRead MoreMy Teaching Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Teaching932 Words   |  4 Pages This is my personal philosophy of teaching. This is my belief about teaching and learning and how I will put my beliefs into classroom practices. First and foremost, the purpose of education is to educate students so that they can be ready for the real world. It should prepare students for life, work, and citizenship. To do this, education should teach one to think creatively and productively. In addition to preparing students for the real world, all students should be able to read and comprehendRead MoreMy Teaching Philosophy1217 Words   |  5 Pagesis at the elementary school level. My current goal is to either teach the 4th or 5th grade level. Moreover, throughout the semester I have read about or seen different philosophies through the observations I have done throughout the semester. While reading chapter 6 in the class text I thought to myself, as an educator what will be teaching philosophy that best suited my beliefs. Moreover, in chapter 6 there was a test where one would figure out their philosophy according to the test result. For meRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Teaching853 Words   |  4 Pages My role, as an educator, is to guide, engage, motivate and inspire students to learn so that they can realize their full potential and achieve their educational or personal goals. As a mathematics instructor my goal is to guide my students to learn to communicate mathematically, value mathematics and its usefulness, understand the material presented, able to recall and apply the concepts. Furthermore, I hope to deepen students understanding in the subject and become confident in their mathematicalRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Teaching For Teaching932 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I was learning about teaching in college classes my philosophy of education was different than when I actually started doing my student teaching. As soon as a teacher enters the classroom, it should be his/her second home. Teaching is a field of occupation where teacher needs have these two personality traits: patience and flexibility. Not all teachers are same thus each has their unique way of teaching students. My philosophy for teaching is very simple and fair. I would like to incorporateRead MoreMy Teaching Philosophy : My Philosophy Of Education1086 Words   |  5 PagesAs I continue to progress through my teaching journey, I have had the opportunity to do a lot of self-evaluation and dig deeper into what makes a great teacher. Since then there has always been a quote that has stuck with me, stated by Seymour Simon, an award winning children’s science author. â€Å"Im more interested in arousing enthusiasm in kids than in teaching the facts. The facts may change, but that enthusiasm for exploring the world will remain with them the rest of their lives.† I truly believe

Riots Manuscript and Blog Free Essays

Ladies and gentlemen, welcome. I am †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. , a politically active student. We will write a custom essay sample on Riots: Manuscript and Blog or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Mayor of London has invited me, to give a speech about riots in London. I would also talk about what we can do to prevent a similar incident. As mentioned, my speech today will mainly be about riots and some several reasons for that. Moreover, I will give some suggestions about what we can do to prevent the riots. I will focus on what the society can do to solve this situation. I will also speech about what the parents and the teachers’ can do for keep the children out of the riots. If some of you don’t know what riots are. I can tell you that it is a form of civil disorder which is characterized by groups how lashing out in a rash of violence against authority, property or people. The riots start on August the 4th, because a policeman killed an Afro-Caribbean man. His family has decided to stage a peaceful protest but it ended out of control. The traffic was diverted and people started crashing, smashing and looting. For many people, it was a staggering situations and completely unrealistic. The big question is:† What are the reasons for riots?† The protest for the Afro-Caribbean man was just an opportunity to show their dissatisfaction for the society. Big parts of the population are talking about how the policemen were not able to stop the criminality from vandalising and stealing. The word about riots was spread to South London. Due to this change of area, it is clearly that they have entirely different motives from here on. People all over London have begun to make different sorts of riots. The motive for many of the criminals became â€Å"making money, pure terror, havoc and free stuff†. We can conclude that these different episodes with riots have nothing to do with each other. Experts are discussing what the motives are. They have formed some theories about the motives and the most mentioned arguments are: unemployment, poverty and gang related crime. There are kids down to an age of 9 how robbed homes, stores and businesses. Among the youngest riots are kids who are looking for a rush. The main argument for riots is that it has something to do with unemployment. Unemployment results in poverty. Many people have tendencies to compare themselves with the community and therefore want the lower class to keep up with the middle and higher class. By use of riots has the lower class seen an opportunity to make money to gain a position in the middleclass. The lower classes are blaming the high class for their criminality, because the poor are unhappy with the balance between themselves and the rich part of their country. The youth unemployment rate is low, which result in that 1 out of 5 are not in work. The university are more expensive than ever, and that is the reasons why some of the young people lose hope for the higher education. The young people are unhappy with their present situation. They are getting more disenfranchised, so they have to be heard. In previous times was it the black people who were victimized, but today it is the young people. The young people make riots, as an excuse to show their dissatisfaction with the society. The motive for the young people to make riots is to be a part of something bigger. Many have seen that the majority of the spotted participants in the riots are between the age of 14 and 18. Most of the people in London, who participate in the riots, are doing it because everybody else is doing it. They persuade each other by means of text message. Many of the riots have occurred as a result of the extreme use of the social media. A new problem is that they also use a Blackberry to spread the word, which involve that the communication is hidden from the police. We have to stop this young people and help them to behave in a better way. If they are old enough to make the crime, they are old enough to face the consequents. There are no correct answers to prevent new riots, but we know the reasons for these riots and the problems in the society. We cannot eliminate the inequality, it is impossible, but we can try to reduce it. We have to keep together and try to save our society. We have to protect the children from the criminality and help the family’s how have problem at home. The parents have to take a responsibility and be role models. The police have to take effect immediately and show that this behaviour will not be tolerated. They have to arrest the people how make riots, so they not keep on with the crime. More than 1200 of the rioters have already been arrested. Due to the modern technology, many of the participants have had their image caught, which means that they will be arrested later. In the future need the police a system, so they can find out what the people are encouraging encourage each other and make plans for illegal actions. The government have reduced the charge for the university so the young people have money enough for going in school and don’t make crime. A man called David Cameron promised that everyone would survive the current situation. He has 4 importing areas of focus: Rewards hard work Get more discipline in schools. A criminal justice system. Take care of the disrupted families. There are multiple reasons for riots, and we have to stop the riots trend. It is not only the parents, schools, police and sociality how should fight for a better country. We have to stick together and all try to stop the riots. If you know someone with problems, then try to bring them to senses. A society with out riots is a better place for all. How to cite Riots: Manuscript and Blog, Papers

Strangers on a Train Essay Example

Strangers on a Train Essay Chris Colangelo Film as an Art Form 32660 Frank Foster Strangers on a Train Word Count 1559 1. Guy Haines is a pro tennis player from Metcalf that feels tennis is not what he wants to do with his life and that politics is what he is meant for. Guy doesn’t drink or smoke much but will do so on occasion, Guy is very friendly and modest about his fame. When Guy meets Bruno on the train for the first time he doesn’t want to be around him for very long as Bruno tends to intrude into Guy’s personal life. It makes Guy upset. Guy’s wife has been cheating on him and wants a divorce and Guy doesn’t want to talk about it with Bruno. Guy has a weird sense of humor as he sarcastically says things like, â€Å"I thought murder was against the law† or â€Å"sure Bruno, sure they’re ok†. Guy has acquired a significant financial gain from his tennis playing and when he goes to Metcalf to meet with his wife to finalize the divorce, she double crosses him and literally tries to ruin his life for her personal gain. Guy gets so angry about his wife’s double crossing he tells her she will pay and while on the phone with his girlfriend, Anne Morton, he says he could strangle her or break her neck. We will write a custom essay sample on Strangers on a Train specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strangers on a Train specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strangers on a Train specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Even though Guy is very upset by his wife’s actions, he was alarmed to find that Bruno had killed his wife and called Bruno a crazy maniac and tells Bruno that he is going to the police, but when Bruno tells him that he will be viewed as an accessory to murder Guy regretfully agrees not to go to the police and acts like he doesn’t know anything. Guy sometimes can’t control his feelings toward Bruno and at one point punches Bruno in the face for making a seen at a party. Guy is dating Anne Mortan who is a senator’s daughter which makes him look as if he were dating her as a way into politics. Guy gets easily offended at the mention of such accusations. Guy cares about keeping Anne Morton and her family out of the mess of the murder. He also cares about keeping a good public image to help him get into politics. Guy is a bad liar. When the phone is brought to him and he finds out it was Bruno he quickly hangs up the phone and when asked who it was he said,† There must have been a mistake, it wasn’t for me†. Clearly showing suspicion by the fact that Guy is a bad liar tells a little about his character, he is just a typical honest man that likes to play tennis. . Bruno Antony is a very wealthy man from Arlington but not by his own work. His family is rich and Bruno simply lives off of his family’s wealth. Bruno is very talkative and cares about his mother who is mentally ill. Bruno likes to smoke, drink, and gamble and that is the behavior that got him kicked out of three colleges. Bruno believes that you should do everything before you die to an un realistic level. Bruno’s father thinks that Bruno is a bum and is determined to get Bruno a job if it’s the last thing he does. Bruno can’t stand that his father has so much money and insists that Bruno get a job like a normal person. Bruno often thinks about different ways to kill his father and the thought is relaxing to him Bruno even says, â€Å"I used to put myself to sleep at night figuring it all out†. Bruno is a psychotic man; he thinks and plots about murder, often creating a plan and running through it in his mind. When Bruno meets Guy on the train for the very first time he already knows everything about Guy; his tennis career, his interest in politics, his divorce, his girlfriend, everything. Bruno reads about everything and everyone. Bruno likes Guy and wants to be Guy’s friend even though Guy doesn’t seem to have any desire to be around Bruno. Bruno gets into Guy’s personal life and brings up sensitive things that he knows about. Bruno merely talks to Guy about the idea of swapping murders and even though Guy is repulsed by the idea, Bruno moves forward as if they had cut a deal. Bruno is very resourceful; he seems to always know where Guy is and how to get ahold of him. He also has no trouble finding Guy’s wife, Miriam. Bruno waits by her house, waiting for her to leave, he follows her and the two men she is with to a theme park. Bruno enjoys the thrill of the hunt. He loves following Miriam as if it were a game to him. Bruno flirts with Miriam using simple eye gestures and smiles, making it all the more easier for Bruno to complete his murder. When Bruno kills Miriam, he doesn’t just attack her from behind, he gets right up in her face and flicks the lighter to illuminate their faces, he looks right into her eyes and asks her if she’s Miriam. When she replies, he wraps his hands around her throat and strangles her to death with no remorse. When Bruno tells Guy about what he had done, Guy says he’s going to the police but Bruno quickly tricks Guy into thinking that if he goes to the police that he will be an accessory to murder as Bruno has nothing to gain by killing Guy’s wife so Guy must have convinced Bruno to kill his wife. Even though Bruno is very smart he is also very impatient. He shows himself to Guy even when he knows that Guy has police following him at all times. Bruno is under the impression that he had completed his end of the deal and Guy owes him the death of Bruno’s father. When Bruno finds that Guy has no intention of killing his father he decides to go back to the scene of the crime and plant Guy’s lighter to give the police evidence that would link Guy to the murder. Even after Bruno is shot and knows he is going to die, he still won’t admit to the murder and continues to frame Guy. 3. Guy and Bruno are very different men but they are similar in some ways. Bruno and Guy both feel that they have been wronged; Bruno by his father’s wanting him to work, and Guy’s wife cheating on him, then double crossing him and ruining his life for monetary gain. Both Bruno and Guy have money and they both want to be more in life than their current position. Guy wants to get into politics and Bruno wants to do something he feels is important. Both men are intelligent and use their intelligence to work toward their goals; Guy moving forward in his career and Bruno manipulating Guy to keep himself out of prison. Both men break the law and make foolish decisions; Bruno by killing Miriam and Guy by slipping out and ditching his police escort. 4. There are objects in the movie that link multiple characters together. The first is Bruno’s tie clip given to him by his mother. The fact that his name is on the tie clip is very important in itself because it becomes an identifier. Anne Morton notices this when Bruno talks to Guy out side when he is with Anne. Guy tells her that he has never met him before and that he was simply just a fan. But later, when at the tennis courts, Bruno introduces himself again as if they had never met. Because Anne saw Bruno’s tie clip she was certain that it was the same man and that something was up. Another object in the movie was Miriam’s glasses. After Bruno killed her he took the glasses and gave them to Guy as proof of the murder. Later in the movie, not the physical glasses themselves, but the mental image of the glasses Bruno had in his head reminded him of the murder. When seeing Anne’s sister Barbara who looked a little like Miriam, the glasses reminded him of the murder and he had a flashback to the crime. This was obvious to Barbara and when Barbara told Anne about it, she said she had noticed it too. This was one of the key pieces in Anne discovering that Bruno killed Miriam. 5. The object use for the resolution of the story was Guy’s lighter that had tennis rackets and A G engraved on it. This is very important because it clearly can be proven to belong to Guy and would put him at the scene of the crime if Bruno had placed it there. Bruno knew this and was very careful when someone asked for a light on the train. Bruno pulled out a box of matches even though he had the lighter in his hand. Bruno didn’t want anyone to see him with the lighter and it would lose its ability to link Guy to the murder. At the end of the movie the lighter was used to prove that Bruno was planning on planting the lighter on the island to frame Guy. That one single Item was what cleared Guy’s name.

How to Use $_SERVER in PHP

How to Use $_SERVER in PHP $_SERVER is one of the PHP global variables- termed Superglobals- which contain information about server and execution environments. These are pre-defined variables so they are always accessible from any class, function or file. The entries here are recognized by web servers, but there is no guarantee that each web server recognizes every Superglobal. These three PHP $_SERVER arrays all behave in similar ways- they return information about the file in use. When exposed to different scenarios, in some cases they behave differently. These examples may help you decide which is best for what you need. A full list of $_SERVER arrays is available at the PHP website. $_SERVER[PHP_SELF] PHP_SELF is the name of the currently executing script. yoursite.com/example/ /example/index.phpyoursite.com/example/index.php   /example/index.phpyoursite.com/example/index.php?atest   /example/index.phpyoursite.com/example/index.php/dir/test   /dir/test When you use $_SERVER[’PHP_SELF’], it returns the file name /example/index.php both with and without the file name typed in the URL. When variables are appended at the end, they were truncated and again /example/index.php was returned. The only version that produced a different result has directories appended after the file name. In that case, it returned those directories. $_SERVER[REQUEST_URI] REQUEST_URI refers to the URI given to access a page. yoursite.com/example/   /yoursite.com/example/index.php   /example/index.phpyoursite.com/example/index.php?atest   /example/index.php?atestyoursite.com/example/index.php/dir/test   /example/index.php/dir/test All of these examples returned exactly what was entered for the URL. It returned a plain /, the file name, the variables, and the appended directories, all just as they were entered. $_SERVER[SCRIPT_NAME] SCRIPT_NAME is the current scripts path. This comes in handy for pages that need to point to themselves. yoursite.com/example/   /example/index.phpyoursite.com/example/index.php   /example/index.phpyoursite.com/example/index.php?atest   /example/index.phpyoursite.com/example/index.php/dir/test   /example/index.php All cases here returned only the file name /example/index.php regardless of whether it was typed, not typed, or anything was appended to it.

Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant Returns to Scale

Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant Returns to Scale The term returns to scale  refers to how well a business or company is producing its products. It tries to pinpoint increased production in relation to factors that contribute to production over a period of time. Most production functions include both labor and capital as factors. How can you tell if a function is increasing returns to scale, decreasing returns to scale, or having no effect on returns to scale? The three definitions below explain what happens when you increase all production inputs by a multiplier. Multipliers For illustrative purposes, well call the multiplier m. Suppose our inputs are capital and labor, and we double each of these (m 2). We want to know if our output will more than double, less than double, or exactly double. This leads to the following definitions: Increasing Returns to Scale: When our inputs are increased by m, our output increases by more than m.Constant Returns to Scale: When our inputs are increased by m, our output increases by exactly m.Decreasing Returns to Scale: When our inputs are increased by m, our output increases by less than m. The multiplier must always be positive and greater than one because our goal is to look at what happens when we increase production. An m of 1.1 indicates that weve increased our inputs by 0.10 or 10 percent. An m of 3 indicates that weve tripled the inputs. Three Examples of Economic Scale Now lets look at a few production functions and see if we have increasing, decreasing, or constant returns to scale. Some textbooks use Q for quantity in the production function, and others use Y for output. These differences dont change the analysis, so use whichever your professor requires. Q 2K 3L: To determine the returns to scale, we will begin by increasing both K and L by m. Then we will create a new production function Q’. We will compare Q’ to Q.Q’ 2(K*m) 3(L*m) 2*K*m 3*L*m m(2*K 3*L) m*QAfter factoring, we can replace (2*K 3*L) with Q, as we were given that from the start. Since Q’ m*Q we note that by increasing all of our inputs by the multiplier m weve increased production by exactly m. As a result, we have constant returns to scale.Q.5KL: Again, we increase both K and L by m and create a new production function. Q’ .5(K*m)*(L*m) .5*K*L*m2 Q * m2Since m 1, then m2 m. Our new production has increased by more than m, so we have increasing returns to scale.QK0.3L0.2: Again, we increase both K and L by m and create a new production function. Q’ (K*m)0.3(L*m)0.2 K0.3L0.2m0.5 Q* m0.5Because m 1, then m0.5 m, our new production has increased by less than m, so we have decreasing returns to scale. Although there are other ways to determine  whether a production function is increasing returns to scale, decreasing returns to scale, or generating constant returns to scale, this way is the fastest and easiest. By using the m multiplier and simple algebra, we can quickly solve economic scale questions. Remember that even though people often think about returns to scale and economies of scale as interchangeable, they are different. Returns to scale only consider production efficiency, while economies of scale explicitly consider cost.

Gaining Consent from Patients with Stroke Article

Gaining Consent from Patients with Stroke - Article Example There have been arguments as to whether these approaches meet the needs of these patients, since care approaches based on the current guidelines have shown deterioration of the quality of life of these patients significantly, mainly due to the loss of autonomy of these patients. This concept of loss of autonomy stands prominent since many patients with stroke lose their capabilities of communication, and in this scenario, maintenance of ethical standards in nursing care become extremely problematic. Since stroke may be associated with impairments, seeking consents from these patients in the area of care is not only an ethical requirement. Consent implies patient's participation and grants autonomy to the patient. Cohen (1991) commented that care delivered with inappropriate or inadequate consent bears the risk of inadequacy of care provision and support, and this becomes more intense in patients with stroke who are dependent and who may have perceived deterioration of mental capacity and impairment of communication due to stroke. Explanation of treatment, care, and seeking their permission to proceed with the care delivery process also ensures understanding of the individual with stroke which cannot be offered by just medical, cognitive, and functional assessments. Consent also reflects a person's thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and desires about his care. Conformity with the consent procedure allows the care processes to be responsive, flexible, person-centered, and need oriented (Keady et al. 1995). As far as nursing in neurosciences is concerned, the concept of gaining consent is applicable both for acute hospital setting and the rehabilitation setting. It is well known from the available researches that the stroke patients consider their experiences with the available rehabilitation services as less than adequate since they rarely include patients' autonomous choices. Although there are ample literature on the topic of patient autonomy, literatures examining the consent procedure in stroke patients fail to examine the issue of validity of gaining consent by neuroscience nurses adequately and beyond doubt. This clout is further aggravated by the fact that three basic ethical concepts of autonomy implied in the process of gaining consent, namely, self-governance, self-realisation, and actual autonomy are devoid of empiric evidence, although philosophical and theoretical discussions are available. Whatever empiric evidence is available mainly centre around permanent residents of nursing homes, where in reality neuroscience nurses deliver care. It is important to note that consent is related to self-determination, which is affected during or after stroke when the patient needs rehabilitation. Thus making choices about own treatment and making decisions about own health and treatment is put to test in a consent procedure, which may even include the choice of the therapist. In a patient with stroke, independence is grossly affected, and this may affect the consent in the true sense of the term. As indicated by Doyal (1997) had commented that informed consent may not be necessary in unconscious or semi-conscious patients, which often is the case in case of patients with stroke. Mangset et al. (2008) defined

Theoretical aspects of the phenomenon of child soldiers and scientific Essay

Theoretical aspects of the phenomenon of child soldiers and scientific issues related to the topic - Essay Example During colonial campaigns, armies would capture the children of prominent chieftains and raise them according to the colonial nation’s customs and laws. Nazi Germany used Hitler Youth movement to try to fight the Allied forces in the closing days of World War II. However each of these cases was isolated by time and geography. They were also exceptions to the level of armed combat which children performed. Ancient wars involved minors as charioteers and armor bearers for adult warriors. This practice can be found in the Bible. War in the middle ages was fought by strong men who had the physical strength to fight in those wars. Children were only used for support roles as they could not be participants in armed combat. The Roman army for instance required physical fitness as criteria for military service which only adult combatants could perform. Fighting with swords, spears, shields and heavy weapons required the use of adult combatants. During the middle ages, military units comprised of knights, heavy cavalry and infantry were extensively used in combat. They used armor and weapons which only adults could perform. The modern era of warfare began with the use of gunpowder. The modern nature of conflict saw the extensive use of muskets, cannons and cavalry against opponents. The weapons and training required to operate these weapons could only be performed by adult combatants. The adv ent of the industrial age also revolutionized the concept of warfare. By the twentieth century, modern armies were now using tanks, cannons, artillery, fighter jets, submarines and naval warships against each other. Again the use of children was mostly for support roles rather than combat purposes since the expertise required to train and use these weapons was only possible for adult combatants. During the middle ages, young boys were used as squires but their

Freedom Of Expression Vs Censorship Policy Media Essay

Freedom Of Expression Vs Censorship Policy Media Essay That leads to the question: Is freedom of expression the opposite to censorship policy? Based on my understanding in Broadcasting Act 1988, Ive to disagree with the statement because freedom of expression and censorship policy are both essential to a countrys development and growth. Censorship policy is a necessity to media because contents that are published through the media must always be checked and filtered in order to prevent harmful and misleading contents to reach the public. Examples are sex-related scenes, violence and gore scenes, and some to the extent of causing racial controversy among the people. It is true that the contents found in media are not 100% true and authentic; However if too much truth and info are exposed to the public, then how certain are we that the public are ready to accept all the facts? Secondly, freedom of expression is essential for a democratic country to grow and develop succeedingly without the abuse of power. Freedom of expression also allow different views and opinions to be voiced out to the public and a country such as Malaysia that has citizens of diverse race, religion, and culture can share their beliefs and be more aware. In addition, freedom of expression has many beneficial effects to society. Freedom of expression also opens opportunity for citizens to take part in decision making of the country such as the rights to vote. Furthermore, citizens can voice out their thoughts and opinion freely without being judged. We refer to freedom of expression rather than freedom of speech because it is more accurately conveyed that it does not have to be words that is said but by the acts that we did. However, freedom of expression may cause harm to others and if it is not controlled properly, libel and slander might occur and conflict will happen. A good example will be the case of Wee Meng Chee aka Namewee that has caused a racial controversy by putting a video of our national anthem with racial slur in it. So this is why freedom of expression should be controlled even though it is necessary for a democratic society. As we can see, freedom of expression and censorship policy synchronizes together and a democratic country could not grow with just one and without the other. That boils up to the point, is all this restriction and limitation really necessary and needed? I will say its very important to be able to balance both freedom of expression and censorship policy. We need to have strong moral values in order to be able to filter contents that are useful and contents that may be harmful and malicious. We the people of the country are actually the cause of all the conflict and controversy that has happened in our nation. As long as we are not educated with proper moral values and ethics, there will always be issues regarding censorship policy and freedom expression. There is a saying: With great power, comes great responsibility. Based on that quote, I believe that both freedom of expression and censorship policy can be a very useful tool if we were to use it wisely but it can also be a very destructive weapon if we do not imply wisdom in using it. There must be boundaries and limitation concerning freedom of expression because more and more individual are starting to rise up and make a stand by voicing out their opinion. It is a good thing that we are able to listen and share different views and opinion. If freedom of expression is used with the intent of helping others and bringing unity then those kinds of acts and speeches should not be blocked and restricted. A very good example pertaining to good use of freedom of expression is the issue of Martin Luther King. Quoting from his speech, he said that we should face hostility with peace. If the public can have a mature and rational thinking like Martin Luther King then freedom of expression can lead to a good thing. The government should control the public from delivering hate speech but they shouldnt restrict and stop the public from expressing honest opinion or we as a nation would always be distorted and blinded with lies. The case of Irene Fernandez has sparked up a very sensitive issue among the public. Irene Fernandez published a report on the living conditions of the migrant workers entitled  Abuse, Torture and Dehumanized Conditions of Migrant Workers in Detention Centres and she was detained and charged for maliciously publishing false news. Do you think it is fair for a woman that merely defended the rights of migrant workers to be under the longest trial in Malaysia history? Malaysia is recognized as a democratic country with variety of races, religion, and culture and Malaysia supports freedom of expression but the charge of Irene Fernandez has bring about confusion to the public. It is said that we have the freedom of expression but the arrest of Irene Fernandez has proven that we do not really have the freedom of expression rather it is just a cover up done by the government. We the people make the government so henceforth if we can grow to be a wise and developed society, then freedom of expression and censorship policy can be a channel for us to share beliefs and opinion without worrying that conflicts might spark. I will end this essay with a question. Can our voices be heard fairly despite all this restriction and limitation?

Margaret Thatcher’s “Charter Schools”

In the United States, primary and secondary public school education, undergoes continual monitoring and discussion by government leaders, educators, and parents. According to a survey, by the National Assessment of Educational Progress, in 1994, 39 percent of fourth graders, 37 percent of eighth graders and 36 percent of twelfth graders, scored below average, on basic skills assessment tests, in the United States ( Finn, Ravitch 22-24 ). News coverage also tends to continuously broadcast that the United States lags behind global peers in pre-college education. For this reason, parents, governments and educators are constantly searching for new ways to improve, and overcome learning obstacles, in education. One of the new concepts emerging is the charter school. In the United States, the charter school was modeled after Margaret Thatcher's idea of a public school operating independently, while being funded by grants. A similar concept currently exists, for all public education, in New Zealand ( Finn et al. 48-52 ). In 1992, after the first charter law was passed, Minnesota opened City Academy, based on this concept. The charter focused on recruiting and teaching high school drop-outs ( Buechler 60-63 ). All charter schools, including this first one, are based on certain guidelines. Charters are created by normal citizens desiring to fill a specific need in their area, or to implement a new teaching method. The administration and teaching operate independently from most local school board rules, and funds are used only within the charter school. Any business, parent, teacher or group may apply to open a charter, provided they are not religiously affiliated or a private school already. A charter need only to submit paperwork outlining a curriculum, sponsor, and a place of operation, plus the goals they expect in their students. Local or state school boards then have the option to approve or disapprove of the charter. If the charter idea is accepted, the charter may begin recruitment of students. A contract written and signed between the charter and the school board usually lasts a few years and its renewal is based on positive results or goals achieved. There are also certain laws dealing with charters. A charter must be tuition free and open and free of any discrimination to all children in the district ( Olson Art. 64 ). Charters are almost entirely funded by state and national monies, which normally follow a student to their public school. The money instead will follow the student to his or her chosen charter. Charters are also sometimes funded by private individuals or companies. Arizona ammended their charter school law to create a one million dollar start-up fund. Most states do not provide start-up fees which cover building rental, supplies, teachers and administration, before children arrive at their doors. This creates a hardship for most charters when they first open and prevents others from ever opening (Buechler 60-63 ). As of February 1997, five hundred charter schools operated nationwide, offtering a variety of different curriculums ( â€Å"Schools† 27-28 ). In New Jersey, by creating a public boarding prepatory school, educators devised a way to begin to reach children in their teen years, at risk for dropping out of school. School director Gary T. Reece states, † We've created a safe haven here where kids can risk caring about school without suffering for it†(Cohen 16 ). The teens live in an area where schools are crowded and crime is high. ( Cohen 13 ) In Boston, three types of charters are operating within the city. City on a Hill established for high school students, adds a twist in its curriculum, by creating city hall type debates involving the students. The teens become comfortable with public speaking at a time when they usually avoid it. Another high school named Renaissance, has 205 days in the school year, plus uses integrated teaching within all the classes. Lastly, is an elementary school named Neighborhood House. This school teaches one subject within another. A writing assignment may deal with science or science may be created in art class ( â€Å"Schools† 27-28 ). Add to these examples, charters which stress technology, basic academics, smaller classes, discipline, on-line teaching, home study, whole language, afrocentism, back-to- basics, and those that cater to high-school drop-outs and gifted students. Some charters also partner with zoos, museums, businesses, unions, or community groups ( Buechler 60-63 ) . As a Principal of Harriet Tubman Village School Charter, Roger Sciarretta states, â€Å"The only thing consistent about charter schools is that they're all different. â€Å"Each one has it's own flavor and style† ( Anderson 1A+ ) . In Florida, the Charter School law was adopted in 1996 and as of the 1997-98 school year, thirty-three were operating statewide ( Saunders ). As to why it took till 1996, Betty Golzendorf, D-Jacksonville said, â€Å"If Florida is going to start Charter Schools, then they should be the best Charter Schools in the country† ( Patterson B-1 ). Charters in Florida receive 52,000 dollars as a start-up fee, to help alleviate some of the difficulties before admitting students. Charters also can apply for any funds the government grants for low income or disabilities ( MacDonald ). Ninety-five percent of student fees, usually received by a district, follow the charter student to their selected charter ( Pendleton B-1 ). Before accepting students, a Florida charter must be approved by the local school board, and if denied, may appeal to the State Board of Education ( Saunders ). A Florida charter may be created by groups of citizens, teachers, individuals or legal entities. Private schools and religious organizations are barred from forming a charter school. The charter must also, be open to all children, and follow health, safety, welfare and civil rights laws. Each district is allowed so many charters according to their population. If a district has 100,000 or more people, they may have seven charters established per year. A population of 50,000- 100,000 may create five charters per year. Populations under 50,000 people are allowed three charters per year. (Pendleton B-1 ). In Duval County, five charter schools are currently open, and all are geared towards helping middle school children. Radar Schools focuses on behavior, academics, and truancy. The Police Athletic League is housing and supporting the school (Saunders). Daniel Payne Academy stresses technological curriculum for sixth graders, two years behind grade level . The students receive individual testing, with a focus on building self-esteem and discipline. The students are also required to wear uniforms, and parental involvement is encouraged (Desmon A-1 ). Daniel Payne Academy, School of Success Academy and Empowering Young Minds, all must deal with raising student test scores to meet the Duval County Average of a 49 percentile in reading and 50 percentile in math. Because these schools focus on children in middle school that are behind grade level academically their students averages are below the county average (MacDonald ). In their creation, charters were not meant to replace the public school system. Charter supporters feel that seeking different options for schooling will enhance the current public school system. This in turn, will boost the academic standing in our nation, placing us alongside our foreign counterparts.

Is Attending The Most Difficult Times For An American...

Attending college is undoubtedly one of the most difficult times for an American student. Going to college places a lot of stress and emotional burden on students due to massive amounts of coursework, looming tuition bills, extracurricular activities, jobs, moving away from home for the first time, and maintaining a sufficient sleep schedule. Major stress and anxiety can lead to more serious consequences such as the choice to heavily consume alcohol, which yields detrimental physiological and psychological effects. Students typically struggle to find recourse for help with alcohol on campus. There needs to be more adequate resources for prevention and intervention available to students who struggle with managing stress and anxiety and addiction to alcohol. Sheer amounts of pressure and anxiety overwhelm college students. Usually the first stressors students encounter are on move-in day. The first day of college means leaving home, making new friends, and saying good-bye to parents. A survey conducted at a large state university reported that 45% of entering freshmen felt lonely or homesick (Vye, Scholljegerdes, and Welch p. 44). Many students feel several social anxieties as well. For instance, sharing a room with a random student can be very stressful and difficult. Other students feel pressured to fit in on campus in order to make several friends as soon as possible. Social anxiety can even affect course selections. Students with anxiety will often select courses thatShow MoreRelatedThe Rising Cost of Education1737 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment plays in funding education for low-income students. Higher education remains a potentially valuable investment, but the rising cost of education is diminishing the net worth of graduates, h urting the economy, and creating a host of social ills. College and university students are borrowing more money, more often. 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The Immigration Of The United States - 885 Words

The influx of the immigrants should have made the police department recognize the needs of being as diverse as the community. It is necessary that those who are policing the city reflect the demographics of that city. Miami was not prepared for the rapid demographic change and the lack of trust in the Cuban government made matters worse because the incoming immigrants didn’t trust those who worked for the government already. The Cubans were represented in the Miami Police Department but the mishap was that there were cops both Hispanic and non-Hispanic participating in drug trafficking. The issue that may have let this happen was the relaxed screening process that the police department started to use during the 1980’s. In order to get more men and women in law enforcement they made a quick decision to change the standards on getting into the department and it came back to haunt them. 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