Steroids Abuse in Baseball Essay Example For Students

Steroids Abuse in Baseball Essay Steroid Abuse Hurts BaseballThe abuse of steroids among players in Major League Baseball is corrupting the image of Americas Pastime as well as endangering the health of those who use the illegal substances. The lack of testing and punishment for the use of illegal substances like steroids in the Major Leagues portrays a negative image to aspiring young athletes. They see their role models using steroids and becoming better athletes rather than seeing suspensions for the illegal behavior or the negative health effects. Anabolic-androgenic steroids are synthetic substances which increase skeletal muscle growth and increase male hormone production. Steroids are legal only through prescription. They are often prescribed for ailments in which the body does not grow correctly because of a lack of testosterone (NIDA InfoFacts, np). Steroids are taken either orally or through an injection. The most common oral steroids are anadrol, oaxadrin, dianabol, and winstrol. The most common injected steroids are deca-durabolin, durabolin, depo-testosterone, and equipoise. There are also legal steroidal supplements such as dehydroepian-drosterone and androstenedione (NIDA Research, np). We will write a custom essay on Steroids Abuse in Baseball specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The effects of steroids depend on the reason for the use of the drugs. Legally prescribed steroids are portioned so that the user receives only the desired effects such as increased testosterone and muscle growth. Negative effects mainly come from the illegal use of steroids. When steroids are abused major negative effects such as cancer, tumors, and increased blood pressure can occur. Lesser negative side effects are gender specific. The higher levels of testosterone in males may cause shrinking of the testicles, baldness, and the growth of breasts. In woman the testosterone can cause facial hair, baldness, and deepening of the voice (NIDA InfoFacts, np). The most serious affects of steroid use can be fatal as they were in the case of former Major League Baseball (MLB) MVP Ken Caminiti. Caminiti died at the age of 41 just days after he had admitted testing positive for cocaine in a Houston court. Although his death was an apparent drug overdose, the medical examiner reported that an enlarged heart and coronary artery disease were contributing factors. The medical examiner also added his admitted steroid use would, absolutely have been a significant contributing factor to an enlarged and weakened heart (Cocaine and opiates found in Caminits Body, np). The death of Caminiti was the first wake up call to the public and Major League Baseball that steroids are a problem in baseball. It is a shame that it took a death to reveal it. The next major blow to baseball was leaked Grand Jury testimony by reigning MVP Barry Bonds for the case against the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative (BALCO). BALCO was under investigation for distributing illegal performance enhancing substances such as steroids to major athletes including Bonds. In the testimony Bonds described taking substances given to him by his trainer Greg Anderson, who was indicted for distributing steroids. The substances described were similar to two types of steroids commonly distributed by BALCO. Bonds claimed ignorance stating that he thought the substances were natural supplements for arthritis (Associated Press, np). The final blow to the league was the tell-all book Juiced written by former MLB star Jose Canseco. In his best-selling book Canseco admitted to personally injecting then teammate and former single season homerun record holder Mark McGwire with steroids. In an interview on 60 Minutes Mike Wallace read out of Cansecos book:What we did more times than I can count was go into a bathroom stall together, shoot up steroids. After batting practice or right before the game, Mark and I would duck into a stall in the mens room, load up our syringes and inject ourselves. I would often inject Mark (60 Minutes). .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2 , .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2 .postImageUrl , .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2 , .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2:hover , .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2:visited , .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2:active { border:0!important; } .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2:active , .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2 .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucad78172da768857c1eeaa01e8c3d7a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: ergogenic aids EssayDuring the interview Wallace asked Canseco to talk about his steroid experiences with McGwire. Canseco responded, Just the first time injecting them in his buttocks. It wasnt like you gave a lot of thought. It was something so common (60 Minutes). All three of these news stories caused great disruption at the front office of the Major Leagues. The commissioners office needed to do something about the growing steroid problem and did so quickly announcing a new drug testing policy in early January of this year. The policy calls for at least one announced drug test and also allows random testing of other players. A player is suspended 10 games for the first offense, 30 games for the second, 60 for the third, and one year for the fourth. This policy is a huge step for the MLB considering prior to 2003 there was no drug testing policy in place due to the opposition from the strong players union (Bodley, np). Despite the great advance in the drug testing policy for the league Congress was not satisfied and the Committee on Government Reform investigated the problem. Chairman Tom Davis sent a formal letter to Major League Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig and Executive Director of the Major League Baseball Players Association Donald M. Fehr about the problems he and the rest of the committee thought still remained with the leagues drug policy. One of the main problems the Committee had with the policy was the discrepancy between the announced penalties for violations and the printed version. In the letter, the Committee pointed out the differences:In public statements, Major League Baseball representatives have emphasized that players who violate the new policy will be publicly identified and suspended from baseball for ten days. In fact, the details of the new policy reveal that the penalty for a first offense can be either a suspension or a fine of $10,000 or less; that there is no public identification of players who are fined instead of suspended; and that even if players are suspended, the public disclosure is limited to the fact of their suspension with no official confirmation that the player tested positive for steroids (Davis, np). The committee also questions the leagues decision for who supervises the drug testing:Under the new Major League Baseball policy, many key implementation decisions are to be made by a four-person committee that includes Robert D. Manfred, Jr., Major League Baseballs Executive Vice President, Labor and Human Resources, and Gene Orza, the Chief Operating Officer and Associate General Counsel of the Major League Players Association. According to the policy, some of these decisions must be made unanimously, giving both Major League Baseball management and the players union a veto (Davis, np). Another question brought up in the letter is the Anti-Oversight Clause: The new policy contains an extraordinary provision that in the event of a governmental investigation relating to drug testing of players, all testing shall be suspended immediately. The suspension will remain in effect until the government investigation is withdrawn, the league and players union have successfully resisted an investigation at the trial court level, or both sides agree to resume testing. If testing is suspended for a year, then the entire drug program is subject to renegotiation (Davis, np). Along with the thorough examination of Major League Baseballs new drug policy, the Committee subpoenaed numerous players to speak at a congressional hearing. The players subpoenaed were Canseco, McGwire, Sammy Sosa, Frank Thomas, Rafael Palmeiro, Jason Giambi, and Curt Schilling. Giambi was pardoned due to an ailment and Thomas joined by video conference (ESPN.coms Steroid Hearing Scorecard, np). The eleven hour hearing began with opening statements made by Chairman Davis and Representative Henry A. Waxman. Each criticized baseballs inability to police itself. Davis stated, were in the first inning of what could be an extra inning ball game, and that the truth needs to come out, however ugly the truth might be (ESPN.coms Steroid Hearing Scorecard, np). .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba , .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba .postImageUrl , .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba , .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba:hover , .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba:visited , .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba:active { border:0!important; } .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba:active , .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua918311fc22b17334a0feb7d0f32d7ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Koch Snowflake Sample EssayThe hearing was highlighted by the questioning of the subpoenaed players. Besides Canseco the remainder of the witnesses were short with there answers under obvious watch from their lawyers due to the fact no one was given immunity. Canseco took numerous stands stating that baseball has a steroid problem, and denying the fact will not help. He emphasized the point with this statement:The most effective thing right now is for us to admit theres a major problem From what Im hearing I was the only individual in major league baseball to use steroids. Thats hard to believe (ESPN.coms Steroid Hearing Scorecard, np). Because of his interviews, book, and willingness to talk about the steroid problem in baseball, Jose Canseco is viewed as a snitch to most of the baseball world, but Representative Dutch Ruppersberger said it best when he stated, I guarantee you that Jose Canseco is not going to win a popularity contest with the players, but Jose Canseco might be the best thing that has happened to yall (ESPN.coms Steroid Hearing Scorecard, np). Steroids are an obvious problem in Major League Baseball that have been ignored for far too long. It took a leaked grand jury testimony, a congressional hearing, and worst of all a death to a great player before the league was willing to admit to the problem. Although the Commissioners office is making some changes, the policy is far too weak to clean up the game. Until a strict no tolerance policy for steroid use is enforced the league and all of its players will be under a cloud of scrutiny from the media and the public. Commissioner Bud Selig and Executive Director Donald Fehr must work together to renew the great tradition of Americas Pastime. Works CitedAssociated Press. Bonds admitted to using substances thought to be steroids. 3 December. 2004. ESPN.com. 27 March. 2005. . Bodley, Hal. Baseball officials announce tougher steroids policy. 12 January. 2005. USATODAY.com. 27 March. 2005. . Cocaine and opiates found in Caminitis body. 1 November. 2004. ESPN.com News Services. 27 March. 2005. . Davis, Tom. Davis/Waxman Letter to MLB and MLBPA on MLB Testing Policy. 17 March. 2005. Committee on Governement Reform. 27 March. 2005. . ESPN.coms Steroid Hearing Scorecard. 17 March. 2005. ESPN.com. 27 March. 2005. . NIDA Research Report Series Anabolic Steroids Abuse. 4 February. 2005. The National Institute on Drug Abuse. 27 March. 2005. . NIDA InfoFacts: Steroids (Anabolic-Androgenic). March. 2005. The National Institute on Drug Abuse. 27 March. 2005. . Steroid User Canseco Names Names. 60 Minutes. By Mike Wallace. CBS. 13 February. 2005.

Working Memory The WritePass Journal

Working Memoryï » ¿ Write-Up Working Memoryï » ¿ Write-UpMethodParticipantsMaterialsDesignProcedureStatistical analysisDiscussionReferencesRelated Write-Up The field of memory provides excellent opportunity for research, drawing theoretical models and implementing them to check their validity. Working memory, in psychology, is a memory system that holds information to perform various verbal and non-verbal (even physical) tasks. It is very important from the viewpoint of processing information and enacting it in day-to-day life. Though a simple three stage model for memory (Encoding, storage and retrieval) was proposed initially, experts like Baddeley proposed that working memory is much beyond these three phases and memory functions of short-term memory and long-term memory are very complex in comparison to what initial chunking of memory into theoretical aspects initially suggest (Becker Morris, 1999).   He introduced a novel approach to depict working memory as a not as three-part system that temporarily holds information as people perform cognitive tasks but a perennial work-desk on which information is manipulated and assembled t o help us comprehend decide, and in problem-solving (Baddeley, 1996, 2003). According to Baddeley’s view of working memory, we can pictorially imagine a managerial executive (Central executive memory) with two helpers (Phonological loop Visuo-spatial working loop) (Hamilton, Coates Hefferman, 2010; DeRenzi Nischell, 1975). This theory and its fractionization have neuropsychological evidence, experimental evidence and developmental evidence. A study states that left posterior hemisphere of the brain is actively involved in working memory. Other studies show that even right posterior is actively involved but in working memory but non-visual aspects. It might be involved in spatial aspects. Despite the heavy argument, involvement of different brain regions in working memory (Phonological and visuo spatial) establishes a base for neuro-psychological evidence (Vallar Baddeley, 1984; Hamilton, Coates   Hefferman, 2010). Laboratory based experiments show how visual short-term memory task is strongly disrupted by visual as opposed to spatial interference, and also spatial memory task was simultaneously more strongly disrupted by spatial interference. This double dissociation supports the theoretically proposed fractionation of working memory (Klauer Zhao, 2004). Developmental evidence suggests that visual subcomponent of the visuo-spatial sketchpad is distinct from the spatial subcomponent as seen in children aged 5-6, 8-9 and 11-12 (Logie Pearson, 1997). Thus, arising from strongly evidenced studies, Logie presents a distinct model of two separate systems (Visual and Spatial) (DeRenzi Nischell, 1975). The visual storage aspect stores information about form and colour whereas spatial control takes care of aspects pertaining to locomotion, limb movements and also rehearsal of information (or series of information in visual cache) (Logie Pearson, 1997). The proposed study explores the topic of fractionalisation of memory in lines with the above mentioned strong theoretical and research based evidence. However, the trajectory of interest is along the lines of research done by Logie and Pearson (1997) in developmental field. This study examines the visual and spatial development in children and adults. There may be many limitations pertaining to use of methodology. The visual recall of design and Corsi blocks are two distinct materials, not only in terms of format but also in terms of material to be recalled. Thus comparison of two unequal factors may raise questions about the validity and outcomes of the studies. Logie and Pearson’s study focussed solely on children of different age groups, but since it is purported to measure visual and spatial aspects of working memory under a developmental pathway, this study will use children and adults are subjects (Logie Pearson, 1997; Klauer Zhao, 2004). Other arguments against the reliability and objectivity of studies in this area have been in terms of usage of participants and individual, genetic, ethnic and anthropologic differences within the patterns of development. It is not possible to outline a single or a group of factors that predict the pathway of development. Our research hypothesis is designed to measure two questions. The first part of the hypothesis seeks to inquire whether according to the fractionation; the visual and spatial systems should develop at different speeds in humans. In accordance to the first part of the hypothesis, the second part inquires whether the developmental trajectory for visual system is shallower than spatial system. Method Participants The study has 139 participants in all comprising of 65 (46.8%) children and 74 (53.2%) adults. Among these participants are 56 (40.3%) males and 83 (59.7%) are females. The mean age for boys is 15.65 years and that for girls is 18.5 years. Materials Two basic materials (tests) have been utilised viz: Visual recall of designs and Corsi Blocks. The recall of design is a paper-pencil task that requires the experimenter to show a particular design on paper to participants for 5 seconds and the participant recalls it by drawing it on paper (Logie Pearson, 1997). The Corsi test presents a blue board with nine wooden cubes. The experimenter taps out a sequence of blocks (in increasing order after each successful completion) and the participant taps out the blocks in exactly the same sequence (Fischer, 2001). Design The variables design in a classroom based experimental condition testing factors between subjects (Adults, Children) and within subjects (Males, females) performance of Recall of design and Corsi. The visual and spatial working memory development are the Independent variables whereas the developmental trajectory is the dependent variable. Procedure In a classroom settings, both children and adult group were individually given tasks performance on Visual recall of design and Corsi block task. The scores of recall of design and corsi test were done during task administration itself. Calculated scores for each individual in the adult and the children group are put up before conducting statistical analysis. Statistical analysis Statistical analyses used can be divided into Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. SPSS 19.0 was used for data analyses. Graphs, Histograms and Comparitive bar charts along with mean and median related data falls into descriptive statistics category. We have also conducted two unrelated t-tests; one to compare children’s recall of design with adults and the other one to compare children’s Corsi scores with that of adults. The mean score of children on visual memory is 14.17.     (Mean=11.02, sd=1.727) and that of adults is 14.42 (Mean= 17.45, sd=2.765). The mean score of children on spatial memory is 11.02 (Mean=14.17,sd=2.275) and that for adults is 17.45 (Mean= 14.42, sd=2.196). The above table clearly shows that with respect to the spatial component there is a statistically significant difference between the adult mean and children’s mean (p=0.000) which is well below the 0.05 threshold.   In fact from the above table it can be seen that the adult mean score is 17.45 whilst that of the children is 11.02 meaning that on average the adults scored about 6.4 more than the children. The above table clearly shows that there is a statistically significant difference between the adult mean and children’s mean   on spatial component (p=0.000) which is well below the 0.05 threshold which is very highly significant The above table clearly shows that in terms of the visual component there is no statistically significant difference between adult mean and children’s mean (p0.5) which exceeds the 0.05 threshold.   It depicts how the mean difference between adults and children in relation to the visual component is very small resulting in no statistically significant difference in mean scores. Since there is high significance between the children and adult’s spatial component but no statistical significance between children and adult’s visual component, we can say that there might be a different trajectory in children and adult’s development patterns. It doesn’t however completely fulfil the hypothesis. Discussion The findings do not support the hypothesis in all earnest. There is no correlation between children and adult scores on visual component but there is a very significant relationship between children and adult scores on spatial component. It may be said that the difference has emerged because of the previously raised issue of different methods. Since, Corsi and Recall of design are two distinct tasks, it can be argued that their performance cannot be correlated. However, since the spatial component shows good correlation, it signifies that the trajectory may be well defined and that it develops more easily. However, not much light is thrown on why the results have come up the way they have. Further research may be interested in using Multiple regression to predict the possible factors that may have caused a high correlation in spatial scores and if there are any common factors in children and adults, they might as well be highlighted. However, like previous studies, this study support s the Logie -Pearson model as well as justifies the fractionation approach given by Baddeley. Memory is much beyond its’ structural and functional aspects. Though initial divisions on memory and development of theories have described functions and its’ aspects at a superficial level, this research has gone in depth to investigate difference in developmental trajectories. Since, it is a part of developmental aspect, it has many possibilities of further research (Baddeley, 2003; Logie Pearson, 1997). References Baddeley A (2003) Working memory: looking back and looking forward, nature reviews Neuroscience, 4, 829-839 Baddeley, A (1996) The fractionation of working memory, Proceedings of national academy of sciences, 93(24), 13468-13472 Becker, J.T Morris, R.G (1999) Working memory, Brain and cognition, 41, 1-8 DeRenzi, E Nischell, P (1975) Verbal and non-verbal short term memory impairment following hemispheric damage, Cortex, 11, 341-353 Field, A (2007) Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (Ed:3 ), Sage Publications: London (United Kingdom) Fischer, M (2001), Probing Spatial working memory with Corsi blocks task, Brain and cognition, 45(2), 143-154 Hamilton, C; Coates, R Hefferman, T (2010) What develops in a visuo-spatial working memory development? European journal of cognitive psychology Klauer, K.C Zhao, Z (2004) Double dissociations in visual and spatial short term memory, Journal of experimental psychology, 133 (3), 355-381 Logie, R.H Pearson, D.G (1997) The inner eye and the inner scribe of visuo-spatial working memory: Evidence from Developmental fractionation, European Journal of cognitive psychology, 9(3), 241-257 Vallar, G Baddeley, A (1984) Fractionation of working memory: Neuropsychological evidence for short term store, Journal of verbal learning and verbal behaviour, 23(2), 151-161

An evaluation of the modernist art and educational art in the essay avant garde and kitsch by clement greenberg

An evaluation of the modernist art and educational art in the essay avant garde and kitsch by clement greenberg In his essay ‘Avant-garde and Kitsch’, Clement Greenberg claims that avant-garde or modernist art is a tool to prevent the ordinary culture caused by consumerism. Also with in his essay Kitsch gained popularity. The reason of he avant-garde’s arising is to defend aesthetic standards from the negative effects of consumer society over the artistic taste. He keeps avant-garde or art as more superior than kitsch. They are opposite sides according to Greenberg. He thinks that kitsch is much more like an Academic art. This gave a shape to the art and formed some rules to make the art something learnable. Many forms and ideas in contemporary poetry can be understood by analyzing this essay. For Clement, art includes two types: avant-garde and kitsch. Avant-garde takes the top position as a kind moving our society forward and it can be seen a genuine art. It focuses on the art itself and can make the common or minor, unimportant things a part of the art in artistic way. The avant-garde artists managing to do this, mostly are marginalized in modern world. However, even if kitsch has a characteristic of inauthenticity, modern society is more interested in kitsch. Also, kitsch can’t be behind its time. Art and life is connected with each other and this attracts people to kitsch. However, in other side this quality of kitsch can be seen problematic. Like avant-garde, it is not genuine. Kitsch doesn’t need the effort of readers or viewers while genuine art requires people to work hard and to be educated people to be able to acquire artistic ideas. The avant-garde is a product of Western bourgeois culture. It can be said that the capitalist and consumer society created avant-garde. It aimed to pursue art for its own sake but at the same time it couldn’t save itself from the money of bourgeois society. The avant-garde is both an academic and intellectual movement. Rather than being depended on history and tradition, it is about future and potential. Content is not significant, only the form of art itself is of importance. The avant-garde artist is not imitating or re-creating the world, but imitating and re-creating the form the art itself. The bacis principle in avant-garde is that instead of art that imitates life, art that imitates art. The avant-garde art requires a wealthy and educated audience. Kitsch is a product of the industrial revolution which urbanized the masses of Western Europe and America and established universal literacy. According to Greenberg, the kitsch arose to fill a demand for culture coming from the proletariat of industrial countries. It serves to lower class or middle class and that is it is easy to reach by everyone. It can be counted as a synthesis of culture and media. Kitsch is profitable, mechanical and has formulas. While avant-garde needs an educated class, kitsch doesn’t need such an audience to grasp the ideas. The avant garde imitates the process (and system) of art, and kitsch imitates its effect. Greenberg explains that socialism is the only movement that can support the avant- garde, or new culture. The avant-garde pushes its limits and so is producing new cultural value. Even kitsch is disposed to find new ideas in itself from time to time. While the avant-garde represents high culture, kitsch is the product of mass culture or popular culture and so it serves to common man. Some writers may look to do different things in terms of the structure of the work and the sequence of the sentences, while others working in poetry would create new forms and new ways of working. One of the key things about being avant-garde in literature is that it is all about breaking the existing rules about writing, and whether these are in poetry or in fictional writing, pushing the boundary and expressing themselves in a different way that doesnt conform to the existing rules is vital. The avant-garde has made writing an art form that is about more than just telling a story, but is actually about the form as much as the content. Although it can be an unique and individual way of expressing opinions and of working out new ideas, the changes in the format can also limit the audience for such work, and make it more difficult for people to access their work. James Joyce experimented with the medium of writing, and actually being successful in doing so, with landmark works such a s Ulysses he was a author of avant-garde. As well as Joyce, there are many poets who have also helped to push literature forward, and another of the biggest exponents of the avant-garde within literature is Jack Kerouac. With Allen Ginsberg, he brought many new dimensions to the literature. Their poems reflected unthought and unwritten issues not spoken until that day. If we give an example from world literature the most important example can be Franz Kafka. He chose to narrate the issues through different way of narration as in ‘Metamorphosis’ by using an insect character. The avant-garde painters tried new forms and things in their paintings like writers or poets. George Braque can be a good example. He is a French and develeops new art style, Cubism. With this new style he brings a new dimension to painting. As avant-garde requires, it needs a certain education or culture to grasp the ideas behind the products. In George Braque’s paintings, a common man can have difficulty in understanding art. George O’Keeffe is another important artist. She is an American artist. She is known as the mother of American modernism. Like many other avant-garde products, her art forces people to understand and needs some culture. As a conclusion, the avant-garde and kitsch are opposite sides and both have different audiences from each others. We mostly dealt with the avant-garde in this essay since it requires much more interest with its high-class culture. Kitsch is like a product of mass culture so many people find easy to deal with kitsch products. While kitch can’t go beyond the mediocrity, the avant-garde makes a breakthrough in art and literature. This basic difference between these two art forms create the different forms,audiences and cultures to understand them.

Emotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emotion - Essay Example Motivational and emotional processes give rise to a natural gift n the environment known as interaction. [2] Motivation is the desire, the willingness to do something, it is an experienced emotion. In order to understand motivation well its relationship with emotion should be understood. A person living goes through emotions when he/she achieves or does not achieve something in live. The emotions help the person to experience the benefit that was brought through achievement and the disadvantages of the lack of achievement. In emotion there is a hidden tendency to avoid something that is harmful and also has a motivational factor towards things that benefit them and lead them to act. Motivation minimizes the fear of existence and gives a feeling of safety, security and avoids fear. In order to obtain something in life you really wanted, you need to be highly motivational and not thinking about others opinion of it and aiming at it to win. [1] Somatic Theories: It lies under biological approach and was established in 1884 by William James. In this theory he states that a changed situation leads to the bodily changes which results in emotional experience revealing stirring facts about the perceptions. For example, encountering a bear in the woods results in the heart beating faster producing adrenaline. This adrenaline results in the emotion of fear rising. Cannon-Bard Theory: it also lies under the biological approach a... by James (as mentioned above) but he criticizes that the bodily changes does not just give rise to an emotion but they motivate the person to act upon it. Therefore on an encounter with a bear, fear raises and due to this emotion the person is motivated to move away from the place of danger by running away as fast as he can. Schaster's Theory: It lies under the cognitive approach and was established in 1962 by Schaster. In this emotion is thought to be the part of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. In this respect some experiment were conduct on varied arousal on the introduction of adrenaline as the participants were put in different situations. In this the cognitive along with the release of adrenaline in the participants or a gesture together motivation the participant into a response. For instance, when there an encounter with the bear, the adrenaline is released and the heart starts to beat at a faster rate showing that the sight of the bear is a danger and resulting in the fear arising and the person running away from the endangered area. [3] Conclusion Emotion is a spontaneous response that arises in a person due to the change in the situation resulting in the feeling of fear, happiness, anger and rage being displayed which in turn motivates the person to take action relating to the emotion. Work cited: 1) Abdulla Zarqa. "What's Your Motive" [Internet], Available at , Accessed on July 21, 2007 2) "Emotion" [Internet], Available at , Accessed on July 21, 2007 3) "In search of emotion: A brief historical review" [Internet], Available at

Anything you see fits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anything you see fits - Essay Example This process is still in existence in the current government where congress has the legitimacy of passing bills and laws. The congress functions for the common good by creating a balance between self interest and self government. The American people are protected against the tyranny of the central government if it had supreme powers. The congress upholds the interest of the majority when enacting laws and passing bills (Keith, 40). The congress faces limitations such as the political and ideological differences between Democrats and Republicans. The party with the highest number of representatives has the strongest contribution to the bills and laws tabled in the congress. The constitution also limits the powers of the congress since it subject to legislative and judicial review. The present day executive and the president have fulfilled the intensions of the founding fathers. The Bush administration declared war on Iraq and Afghanistan to neutralize terror activities targeting America. The war activities were continued during the Obama administration (Shane, 30). The current Executive and President participate in foreign affairs such as addressing the civil war in Syria. The U.S government is a crucial partner in the peace negotiation between Israel and Pakistan. The monetary policies such as tax reforms have been implemented by the current Executive. The president is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and determines diplomatic appointments and activities. These are part of the roles given to the Executive and the President by the founding fathers. The modern day presidency improves the balance of power by upholding the decisions made by the congress and other arms of government. The executive upholds the constitution and the president requires cong ress approval before the country goes to war or when passing reforms such as the health care reform. The executive bureaucracy has upheld the three branch

Structural Family Therapy Essay Example for Free

Structural Family Therapy Essay | Structural family therapy is a model of treatment based on systems theory that was developed by Salvador Minuchin. Structural family therapy features emphasis is mostly on structural change as the main goal of therapy; it pays close attention to the individual but also acknowledges the importance of family in the healing process of the individual. Structural family therapy focuses on encouraging proactive healthy change within the family, with an emphasis on structure, subsystems, and boundaries. Family Structure is invisible set of rules that organize the ways family members relate to each other. Structure resists change. The therapist will essentially be a change agent to facilitate this reorganization (Minuchin, 1974). In addition to this, the therapist must be sensitive to the multicultural perspectives within a family during counseling. Including, cultural values, mores, beliefs, practices, race, ethnicity, religion, gender, level of acculturation, customs, mannerisms, special needs, behavioral expectations and expressions, and socioeconomic status. The families’ ability to access sociopolitical systems must also be taken into consideration. Too often those from impoverished families are not able to access sociopolitical systems, such as therapy, when in need. When considering the impoverished, Waldegrave (2009) stated: Very few countries have been able to devise policy responses that adequately overcome the disadvantages single-parent households’ experience. They usually lack money and support to relieve their ongoing parental roles, and workplaces can be insensitive to the flexibility they require when children are sick or they are simply exhausted. They are often stigmatized by others for being single parents. When they arrive at counseling centers or other service providers, it is very important to recognize and address the contextual factors in their lives and avoid working on the symptoms of their distress out of context. (Waldegrave p. 10) Whether the members recognize it or not, every family has its own structure that is greatly influenced by cultural beliefs. One goal for the therapist is to determine what the structure is, and then decide whether it is problematic for the family or not. According to Minuchin (1974), â€Å"Family structure is the invisible set of functional demands that organizes the ways in which family members interact† (Minuchin p. 51). Additionally, Gladding (2007) suggested: In some families, structure is well organized in a hierarchical pattern and members easily Relate to one another. In other, there is little structure and few arrangements are provided by which family members can easily and meaningfully interact (Gladding p. 203). The essence of family structure is greatly influenced by culture; it defines the role of men and women, children, and it also create cross-generational influences unique to every family. In using this example of Asian American families, Brooks (2008) suggested: Families are organized with fathers as the figures in control and the mothers are subordinate to them. Mothers, however, take compete charge of the children, and so from a child’s point of view, mothers appear to be authority figures as well. Children are obligated to respect and obey these authoritative figures. (p. 103) Bowen theory is not about families, but more about life. Bowen emphasized that humans have more in common with other forms of protoplasm, and that traditional social science to emphasize differences have, increased our denial about what really makes us tick (Friedman p. 135). Murray Bowen was one of the original developers of mainstream family therapy. His approach is often referred to as Multigenerational (transgenerational or intergenerational) Family Therapy. His approach is more theory based than any other model we will consider. For Bowen, effective clinical practice followed from an effective theoretical orientation. Bowen and his associates introduced much of the mainstream language for family systems therapy, including concepts and clinical practice related to multigenerational assessment, family life-cycle development, ordinal birth position, genograms, triangles and triangulation, emotional cutoff, and differentiation of self: All of these ideas will be addressed below. Bowen began his training in a psychoanalytic model, and some of his ideas can be traced to that background. In fairness, Bowen would have seen his approach as a departure from psychoanalytic therapy. His approach operates on the premise that a family can best be understood when it is analyzed from at least a three-generation perspective, because a predictable pattern of interpersonal relationships connects the functioning of family members across generations. According to Bowen, the cause of an individuals problems can be understood only by viewing the role of the family as an emotional unit. A basic assumption in Bowen family therapy is that unresolved emotional fusion (or attachment) to ones family must be addressed if one hopes to achieve a mature and unique personality. Structural family therapy pays close attention to the roles family members play in the construction of a family and multigenerational pays attention to how the relationships affect each other. I connect closely with multigenerational family therapy and how it pays close attention to parents bringing children into their relationship and children including themselves to try to lower stress. Growing up in a somewhat dysfunctional family I lived this first hand, my parents constantly included me into their arguments, growing up I knew too much of my parents problems. This theory pays close attention to the harm in doing so.

HALO:The Flood :: essays research papers fc

HALO:The Flood   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today I am going to tell you about a great book I read lately. It is called HALO:The Flood. The Flood is based on the award-winning Xbox game, Halo. This book was interesting because it tells the story through several different perspectives. Some of the perspectives include: the super-soldier, Master Chief, an alien, another alien, a sergeant, and a few soldiers. Although some new character perspectives are introduced in some chapters, the characters die later in the chapter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story opens with the marines aboard their battle cruiser, The Pillar of Autumn. Suddenly, an alarm sounds because an alien race, known as the Covenant, has invaded the ship. Then the marines open up a cryo-tube. [a tube one can sleep frozen in] Inside the tube is the genetically enhanced super-soldier, known as the Master Chief. The Chief then defeats the aliens aboard the ship. After the invasion, the marines discover the ancient ring-world, called Halo. They then decide to search for weapons and other supplies on Halo. Unfortunately, the Covenant is also searching for something: Halo’s control room, which can activate a weapon capable of wiping the universe clean of all life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the marines crash land on Halo, they discover a deadly parasite called Flood living under the surface of the ring. But instead of being carried by bacteria, it is carried by bulbous, blob-like things. When a living organism [including the Covenant] gets infected by it, they quickly start to mutate into rotting, deadlier versions of their former selves. The entire human exploration squad, including their captain, Captain Keyes, gets infected, and mutate into Flood combat forms. All except for, that is, Captain Keyes, who mutates into a huge, stationary Flood form, and later dies. When the rest of the marines lose contact of Captain Keyes and his crew, they suspect something is wrong and send the Chief off to investigate. Like the exploration squad, he soon encounters the Flood. After dispatching the first wave, he then fights his way through Halo to get to its control room so he can disable Halo. After doing that, he finds and fights his way through the wreck of The Pillar of Autumn so he can detonate its engines and destroy Halo for good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the Chief gets to the engine room, he cracks open the opening to the ship’s fusion core. After he drops a grenade down the opening and disrupts the fusion core, he has 15 short minutes to get off Halo before it explodes.

An Observation of a Bat Mitzvah

The bar mitzvah is not actually a ceremony or rite of passage as many people believe. It is actually a boy of the Jewish religion who has attained the age of 13. It is thus a legal status that is automatically ascribed with no need for ceremony or any other religious rite. A parallelism would be attaining adult age, typically 18 in most societies.The bar mitzvah pertains to males while a bat mitzvah is to females, and females become bat mitzvot (plural of mitzvah) at the age of 12. Bar or bat mitzvah translates to a â€Å"coming of age† and signifies the transition of the child to that of beginning adulthood insofar as religious practice was concerned, and be counted as part of the minyan or quorum for public prayer. While it is widely practiced, there is actually no direct mention of it in the Talmud. Because women are traditionally not allowed to read from the Torah, it was a momentous occasion when in 1922 the daughter of Rabbi Mordecai M. Kaplan was the first bat mitzvah to read from the Torah in celebration of her 12th birthday. (â€Å"The first American bat mitzvah†) Today, many young girls celebrate becoming a bat mitzvah with a grandiosity that rivals that of a Sweet 16 birthday party. I. The Ceremony The synagogue was a study of the diversity in the US. On one side was the families of the two girls who were to become bat mitzvot and since one of the girls was an adoptee of Chinese descent and the adoptive mother was not Jewish, there were quite a few who were not. Among the congregation, many were not Jewish as well, guests of the girls and their families who were to join in the celebration. (Schapiro) A box of commemorative yarmulke or distinctive skullcap enabled male guests to help themselves to one because it is expected that they cover their heads when participating in the service. However, only Jewish males over 13 wore the ritual fringes called the talit. Aside from this, there did not seem to be a distinction in dress for Jews and non-Jews. Some small children were present, and were quite surprisingly free to get up and roam as they pleased as long as they behaved. The unruly ones were quietly led away to what can only be supposed is a playroom. On the eastern wall of the synagogue, the Ark is evident. This is the repository of the Torah, and above the Ark is a light called the Ner Tamid or eternal light. There is also a representation of the Tablets of the Covenant. On the bima, the raised platform on which the service was to be conducted. The two girls were seated on the right side of the altar. The girls’ fathers laid the prayer shawl on their respective daughter’s shoulders, signifying a transfer of power, or responsibility, whichever perspective works, and the choir raised their voice in a welcoming song in Hebrew. The rabbi commenced with the reading, and at each part the congregation was told when to sit or stand. This was especially helpful for non-Jewish participants of the service. The girls then were directed to approach the Ark where the Torah scrolls were kept. Each took their scroll and carried it around the sanctuary, as each Jewish guest touch their prayer books to it to signify love and devotion to its teachings. The girls then took their place at the bima in front of the congregation to read out the scrolls in Hebrew. This is referred to as the aliyah. The girls each read part of Chapter 21 of Exodus which was the reading for the Shabbat for that week. Afterwards, each girl gave a speech in English, a d’rash about how the experience preparing for becoming bat mitzvot had meant to them. Each girl then touched the fringe of their prayer shawl to the Torah before kissing it and returning to their seat. The parents (excepting the non-Jewish mother) spoke before the congregation thanking God for the blessing of freeing them from the responsibility for their child’s sins. This part was spoken in English. The rabbi then said a few words directed at the new bat mitzvot and the girls then proceeded with the concluding prayers, the Haftorah and then the ceremony was over. The next part of the celebration was the fun part, the Kiddush and seudat mitzvah that translates today to a party held outside the synagogue, where speeches and advice are liberally given for the elucidation of the new bat mitzvah.   Traditional gifts with associations with the number 18 (considered a â€Å"lucky† number in Jewish tradition, means also â€Å"life†) and more generic gifts were given at the reception. (â€Å"Bar and Bat Mitzvah†; Rich â€Å"Gifts†) II. Discussion Mitzvah is the word for â€Å"commandment,† and bat is â€Å"daughter† so a bat mitzvah is a daughter of the commandment. The whole point of this rite is to commemorate the child’s coming of age but the way it is practiced tends to be highly adaptable to the particular societal context. The ceremony itself has no mention in the Talmud so the rituals have evolved over time and application. (â€Å"Bar & bat mitzvah†) Preparation for the bar or bat mitzvah typically begins a year or more prior to the projected date, especially for modern Jews or those who are newly converted. This is to allow the child to become familiar with the Jewish commandments, prayer, history and the Hebrew language. A large portion of this education is overseen by the cantor, or scholar. The responsibilities of the bat mitzvah includes the keeping of the mitzvot or commandments as embodied in the Torah, all 613 of them. She is also expected to observe rituals such as fasting days. Interestingly enough, this is also considered the point in which the bat mitzvah can decide to remain or not within the faith. Because of this, a confirmation ceremony is slated for the 16th or 18th year of the bat mitzvah in   some communities. (â€Å"Bar/bat mitzvah†) More orthodox Jewish families prepare their male children for eventual emancipation by starting their preparations at kindergarten age and beyond the age of bar mitzvah. Orthodox Jews do not allow women to participate in religious services, so becoming a bat mitzvah in these communities does not include the service and is usually celebrated at home with a small party that merely commemmorates the child’s 12th birthday. Reformist sects take the cue from their spiritual leader, the rabbi. This was what happened to Judith Kaplan the daughter of Rabbi Mordecai M. Kaplan, who believed women should be given equal consideration and importance in the community. However, for the longest time bat mitzvot usually celebrated on a Friday rather than on the Shabbat, or did not read directly from the Torah, so deeply ingrained was the bias against women in the Jewish orthodoxy. (â€Å"The first American bat mitzvah†) With the influence of American society and growing diversity in religion, however practice has been inevitably affected. The number of religious intermarriages is rising and many religious groups have seen the wisdom of adapting to the changing society. This is especially apparent in the ceremony described above. The bar mitzvot are now allowed to read from the Torah, and are instructed in this by the cantor with the benevolent overseeing of the rabbi himself. They participate fully in the ceremony, and the fact that one of the parents is non-Jewish is no longer a big issue as long as they play a passive role in the service itself. Outsiders are welcome to participate in a passive manner as well, and religious scholars are more than willing to explain the intricacies of the service to the clueless. There is even a growing trend among newly converted Jews who become bar or bat mitzvah in ceremonies held at any point in their life, some as old as 80. Because these people came into the faith late in life, they are considered to have attained a â€Å"coming of age† when they have mastered the basics of the Jewish religion. III. Conclusion For all children, rites of passage are important highlights in their lives. For Jewish children in particular, the concept of becoming a bar or bat mitzvah and the formal celebration of the event focuses on the importance of having a good knowledge of Judaism. At the same time, it serves as inducting a sense of belonging for children, which at this particular point in their lives is crucial for optimal development. Because survival of the congregation that is yearly becoming diverse, even the most stringent religious traditions have been compelled to unbend and accommodate the evolving population. The practice of commemorating the becoming of a bat mitzvah is a particularly good example of this accommodation. Works Cited â€Å"Bar and Bat Mitzvah†. Encyclopedia of Childhood and Adolescence. 20010406. FindArticles.com. 17 Jul. 2007. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2602/is_0000/ai_2602000074 Bar & bat mitzvah. Jewish Celebrations. 2007. Mazornet.com. 18 July 2007 . Bar/bat mitzvah. Patriarchy Website.January 2000. Israel CS Lim. 18 July 2007 . Rich, Tracey. Bar Mitzvah and bat mitzvah. Judaism 101. 2005. JewFAQ.org. 18 July 2007 . Schapiro, Moshe. What is a bar or bat mitzvah? Jewish Lifecycles. 18 January 2000. Aish HaTorah. 18 July 2007 . The first American bat mitzvah. Jewish Virtual Library. 2007. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 18 July 2007 .      

Psychology †Nature/Nurture Debate Essay

â€Å"Outline and comment on the two schools of thought involved in the study of the nature-nurture debate in psychology. Explain, using examples, why this debate gives rise to so much controversy.†Ã‚  The debate concerning the influence of nature and nurture (or heredity and environment) on human behaviour is one of the longest running, and most controversial, both inside and outside psychology. It deals with some of the most fundamental questions that human beings ask about themselves, such as ‘How do we come to be the way we are?’ and ‘What makes us develop in the way we do?’ (Gross 2005, P.900) There are three sides to the debate: on the nature side are the nativists or ethologists who believe that children develop almost entirely as a result of genetic influences, with their environment having little effect; on the nurture side are the behaviourists or empiricists who believe people are born as a blank slate which is ‘filled-in’ over a lifetime through learning and experience; and in the middle are the interactionists who, hence the name, believe children develop as a result of an interaction between biology and environment. I will now look at the arguments in more detail. Genetic transmission is the way we acquire characteristics through inheritance. Each cell in the body contains a nucleus, which contains a substance called DNA. The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is organised into long strands called chromosomes, and each chromosome is made up of thousands of genes. Genes are the basic unit of hereditary transmission and direct the way that growth and development happen within a plant or animal. Just after an animal is conceived, it is made up of a tiny group of cells. As these grow and divide, each gene acts as a code or set of instructions for making a particular protein. These proteins control the cell’s internal chemistry and tell the cell what to do, giving the organism particular characteristics and determining the way its body functions. We inherit 23 pairs of chromosomes from our parents, 46 in all, half from our Mother and the other half from our Father. They combine to produce all the information an embryo needs to develop biologically. Since we inherit particular chromosomes through the egg and sperm, we also inherit the particular characteristics coded for by the genes on those chromosomes. Arnold Gesell, a pioneer of developmental psychology, was an extreme nativist. He believed all individuals pass through the same genetically programmed series of changes, with the instructions for these changes being passed on at the moment of conception. â€Å"Gesell was mainly concerned with infants’ psychomotor development (such a grasping and other manipulative skills), and locomotion (such as crawling and walking)† (Gross 2005, P.901). Gesell established a research institute devoted to identifying ‘normal’ ages for a wide variety of behaviors and characteristics; he used a motion picture camera to film thousands of children in various stages of development. This genetically programmed series of changes is called maturation. It is important to look at maturation as we try to understand genetic influences on behaviour. Some genetic influences are obvious at birth such as hereditary illnesses or abnormalities such as Down’s syndrome, but the things we inherit don’t necessarily show up all at once. â€Å"The physiological changes which take place during puberty, for example, arise because of genes that are present at conception, but they only happen when the body is mature enough for them to take place. In the same way, certain forms of behaviour may only emerge once the individual is mature enough† (Hayes and Orrell 1998, P.7). In 1938 Lorenz and Tinbergen put forward four characteristics to identify directly inherited behaviour in animals. These are: stereotyped behaviour, which always occurs in the same way because behaviour which is directly caused by genetic influence can’t be affected by the environment; species-specific behaviour, because each species has its own genetic make-up the behaviour should differ to that of other species; the behaviour should appear in animals raised in isolation, because if it is truly inherited there should be no need to learn it; and the behaviour should appear complete even if the animal has not had chance to learn it.

Writer Choice M Example

Writer Choice M Example Writer Choice M – Assignment Example Humanitarian Crisis Grows as Iraqis Flee ISIS Threat Summary: The war between Islamic militants and pro-government forces around the provincial capital has caused a humanitarian crisis in Iraq as 4,250 families run away from the region. Development: Thousands of people are running away from Iraq’s Anbar Province, which is under attack, towards Baghdad for protection. Bodies litter the streets, and some are still in burnt cars. There is a traffic pile up at the checkpoint, as Iraqi authorities demand a confirmation of residence for the escapees before allowing them entry. Most people have been travelling for days just to reach the border. It seems the battle will go on for months after the government assured its residents of a new military operation to bring back the province from the Islamic State. The Islamic State is to blame for several attacks and suicide bombings. Anbar’s governor believes that Shiite religious authorities can save the situation. Analysis: The situ ation in Iraq is serious. The attacks and suicide bombings on the American embassy increase tensions in Iraq. The lack of coordination between American officials and militias, because of suspicions, means that the war will go on for a long period. The humanitarian crisis is bound to intensify as innocent civilians seek place of safety. Clearly, Shiite militias are necessary in the war to assist the American military, just as they did with the Hussein case. In addition, the authority’s reluctance to allow families to Baghdad makes the situation worse because families continue to pile up at the border and the humanitarian situation becomes worse. The situation is just more than a religious case because officers and authorities look at it from a criminal point of view. Work CitedArango, Tim. Humanitarian Crisis Grows as Iraqis Flee ISIS Threat. The New York Times, APRIL 17, 2015. Available at nytimes.com/2015/04/18/world/middleeast/as-iraqis-flee-anbar-province-and-isis-question s-persist-on-role-of-shiite-militias.html?ref=topics&_r=0

How Did Europeans Profit from the Opium Trade in China Essay

How Did Europeans Profit from the Opium Trade in China - Essay Example Still, Europeans were not allowed to import opium directly into China. As a means of circumventing these trade restrictions and gaining profit, the British had to devise elaborate means of importing opium. In these regards, Europeans would be tea in Canton and use opium that would be smuggled in on British ships to pay for the opium (Fairbank). The high value tea had in Europe resulted in opium functioning as a useful means of gaining profit. In the early 19th century the Chinese ban of trading this commodity was lifted (Waley). Still, a number of years later further restrictions would be placed on this commodity exchange. During this period the then current Chinese dynasty had undergone a shift towards Confucianism, resulting in the restriction of European import of opium (Waley). These restrictions would result in threats to European profits on opium trade in China. As a means of continuing to profit on opium, the British would ultimately involve themselves in the First and Second Opium Wars with China. These wars would result in the opening of British trade of opium into China. 2. How did nationalism serve the needs of statesmen and bureaucrats rather than those of the general population, especially as more people were allowed to vote and hold public office? To a large degree, nationalism served the needs of statesmen and bureaucrats rather than the general population. Nationalism emerged during the early 19th century as statesmen in France sought means of uniting a populace in revolution (Leoussi). During the French Revolution nationalism these statesmen were able to implement nationalistic impulses as a means of inciting riots and elevating their political power (Hobsbawm). With the subsequent shifts in government these individuals assumed control under these nationalistic tendencies, ultimately using this political strategy as much for personal gain as public interest (Hobsbawm). The American Revolution was even clearer in its implementation of nationalis m as a means of advancing the interests of statesmen (Leoussi). In these regards, businessmen and bureaucrats with significant that faced significant economic or political gain in establishing independence from Great Britain implemented nationalism as a means of uniting the populace (Hobsbawm). This period of American history had seen a great amount of public debate over independence with loyalists and patriots debating the opposing positions (Leoussi). In this climate, individuals such as Thomas Paine through his ‘Common Sense’ pamphlets were able to incite the public through nationalistic tendencies as a means of gaining increased public attention or political power. With the increasing amount of nations that shifted to democratic structures allowing people to vote and hold public office the impacts of nationalism as advancing the needs of statesmen and bureaucrats became even more pronounced. This is because the democratic structure opened itself more thoroughly to s tatesman achieving political power through igniting nationalistic impulses in the voting populace. 3. What were the goals and principles of the Congress of Vienna? How did delegates from the great powers respond to the grievances of their people? There were a number of goals and principles of the Congress of Vienna. From an overarching perspective the Congress of Vienna functioned as a means of European states to address many of the complex issues that had

The Development of the New Media Economics under influence of global Research Proposal

The Development of the New Media Economics under influence of global economics crises - Research Proposal Example The economic indicators of media industry are crucial to study and understand. Answering this question will allow to establish relationship of performance of the industry according to the external environmental factor. Global economic crisis have impacted the economic activities of the developed, developing and underdeveloped economies. According to IMF definition of global recession, the growth rate of economy less than three percent results in global recession (Lall, 2008). Nevertheless the theoretical motivation comes from the book of Albarran (1996) that allowed basic understanding of media economics, where economic activities of different media markets have been covered. This initiated interest of researcher on different aspects of media economics. The global crisis brought different economic situation of a business cycle particularly to new media economics. New Media Economics is that field of economic studies that covers different aspects of production, distribution and consumption of media services by different consumer groups. This is an interdisciplinary study that borrows thoughts from different areas of studies like entertainment studies, management, economics, psychology and others. This study also covers the impact of technology on the different operations of media industries. There have been various studies done in order to understand different aspects of new media economics (Lall, 2008). â€Å"The world economy is likely to shrink for the first time in decades this year, the head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has warned. Dominique Strauss-Kahns prediction is gloomier than that the IMFs current official forecast of 0.5% growth. He added that trade was falling at an alarming rate and business and consumer confidence had collapsed. (BBC, March 2009)† In this scenario, there are too much of talk in our own surroundings and environment that attracts people to know more about the same. Media